Expert Tips for Negotiating with Infrastructure Providers

Expert Tips for Negotiating with Infrastructure Providers

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Understanding Your Leverage


Understanding Your Leverage when negotiating with infrastructure providers is crucial! IT services in sydney . Its not just about getting the best deal on price (though thats important too). Sometimes you gotta think outside the box. For instance, if youre running a startup and dont have a huge budget, you might not think youve got much clout. But hey, what if your project gains traction fast? You could be the providers next big client!


On the flip side, if youre a big company, you might assume youre always the boss. But what if youve already got most of what you need from another provider? You wouldnt want to rock the boat, right? So showing them a little competition can go a long way.


Dont underestimate the power of relationships either. Building a rapport with the providers team can open doors to discounts and services that arent advertised. And if you ever run into issues, theyll likely jump to help rather than just pointing fingers.


Lastly, know what youre buying. Dont sign up for services you dont fully understand (or need). Thats just asking for trouble down the line. Doing your homework before the negotiation saves you from making costly mistakes.


So yeah, understanding your leverage isnt all about money. Its about knowing your strengths, your weaknesses, and being prepared to negotiate effectively!

Key Metrics to Discuss


So when it comes to negotiating with infrastructure providers, there are a few key metrics you gotta keep in mind! First off, dont overlook the cost structure - its not just about the upfront fees but also the ongoing charges. Make sure you understand what theyre charging you for and how it all adds up over time.


Another thing to look at is reliability. You need your infrastructure provider to be reliable, right? No one wants their website going down or servers misbehaving. So ask em about uptime guarantees, maintenance schedules, and their response times during outages. Its important stuff!


Now, latency shouldnt be ignored either. If youre running a global business or even just serving customers across different regions, speed matters.

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So find out where their data centers are located and how fast they can deliver your services. That could make a huge difference in customer satisfaction.


Security is another critical factor. Your datas gotta be safe, and that means you need to know what security measures your provider has in place. Dont assume theyre doing everything you need them to do. Ask specific questions and verify their responses.


Lastly, scalability should be on your radar. Infrastructure needs grow, and you dont want to be stuck with a provider who cant scale with you. Check if they offer flexible pricing models and if they can easily add resources as your business expands.


But hey, dont forget that sometimes less isnt always more. Just because a provider offers the absolute lowest price doesnt mean theyre the best option for you. Balancing these metrics against each other and your specific needs is crucial. And remember, never sign a contract without thoroughly reviewing it first!

Crafting Win-Win Solutions


Negotiating with infrastructure providers, aint it a headache? Youre aiming for (like, seriously striving for) a win-win situation, right? But how do you actually craft that? Its not just about squeezing them dry, thats for sure. Its about understanding their needs too, yknow?


First off, do your homework. Like, really dig in. Dont just skim the surface. What are their pain points? What are your absolute must-haves? What are you willing to give up? (Think about it!) Having a clear picture of both sides is, well, its kinda crucial, isnt it?


Secondly, communicate. Honestly. Openly. Dont play games. No one likes that. Explain your needs, listen to theirs. Maybe, just maybe, youll find areas of common ground you never expected.

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Its not always about price, either. Think about service level agreements, support options, scalability. These things matter (a lot).


Thirdly, be creative! Dont be afraid to think outside the box. Can you offer something in return, besides just cash?

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Maybe a long-term commitment? Maybe a referral to another client? Get those creative juices flowing!


It isnt always easy, and sometimes you wont get everything you want. But by focusing on mutual benefit, on understanding, and on communication, youll dramatically increase your chances of crafting a solution that works for everyone. And hey, thats a win-win, right?!

Closing the Deal: Final Considerations


Closing the deal with infrastructure providers can be a daunting task, but it doesn't have to be! When youre at that final stage of negotiation, there are a few key points to keep in mind that can really make a difference. First off, communication is crucial. You cant just assume that everythings understood. Clarifying details (like pricing and service level agreements) can prevent misunderstandings later on.


Dont forget to listen actively. Sometimes, you might think you know what they're offering, but there could be hidden gems or potential pitfalls you're not aware of. Its essential to not just hear, but truly comprehend their concerns and needs. This way, you can build a more collaborative atmosphere.


Another important aspect is to be flexible. While you should have your bottom line, being too rigid can turn negotiations sour. If there's a compromise that works for both sides, why not go for it? It shows you're willing to work together and can lead to a stronger partnership.


Lastly, don't underestimate the power of a follow-up. After the deal is nearly closed, a simple check-in can reassure everyone involved that you're committed and eager to make the partnership work. It's not just about signing on the dotted line; it's about building a relationship that lasts. So, remember these tips when you're at the closing stage, and you might just find that the deal is easier to finalize than you expected!

Citations and other links

The background of the Net originated in the initiatives of researchers and designers to develop and interconnect local area network. The Net Method Collection, the set of regulations utilized to interact in between networks and gadgets on the web, arose from r & d in the USA and engaged global partnership, especially with scientists in the United Kingdom and France. Computer technology was an arising discipline in the late 1950s that began to consider time-sharing between computer system individuals, and later on, the opportunity of achieving this over large location networks. J. C. R. Licklider created the concept of an universal network at the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) of the USA Division of Defense (DoD) Advanced Study Projects Firm (ARPA). Separately, Paul Baran at the RAND Firm proposed a distributed network based on data in message blocks in the early 1960s, and Donald Davies envisaged package switching in 1965 at the National Physical Lab (NPL), suggesting a national industrial information network in the UK. ARPA granted contracts in 1969 for the advancement of the ARPANET project, guided by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. ARPANET took on the packet changing modern technology suggested by Davies and Baran. The network of User interface Message Processors (IMPs) was built by a team at Screw, Beranek, and Newman, with the style and requirements led by Bob Kahn. The host-to-host method was specified by a group of college students at UCLA, led by Steve Crocker, in addition to Jon Postel and others. The ARPANET increased swiftly throughout the USA with links to the UK and Norway. Numerous early packet-switched networks arised in the 1970s which looked into and supplied data networking. Louis Pouzin and Hubert Zimmermann originated a streamlined end-to-end technique to internetworking at the IRIA. Peter Kirstein put internetworking into technique at University University London in 1973. Bob Metcalfe created the concept behind Ethernet and the PARC Universal Package. ARPA campaigns and the International Network Working Group established and refined ideas for internetworking, in which numerous different networks can be signed up with into a network of networks. Vint Cerf, currently at Stanford College, and Bob Kahn, currently at DARPA, published their research study on internetworking in 1974. Through the Web Experiment Keep in mind collection and later RFCs this progressed right into the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Web Protocol (IP), 2 methods of the Web method suite. The style consisted of ideas originated in the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin. The advancement of packet changing networks was underpinned by mathematical work in the 1970s by Leonard Kleinrock at UCLA. In the late 1970s, nationwide and worldwide public information networks arised based upon the X. 25 procedure, designed by Rémi Després and others. In the USA, the National Scientific Research Foundation (NSF) financed national supercomputing facilities at a number of colleges in the USA, and offered interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET job, therefore producing network access to these supercomputer sites for research study and scholastic organizations in the United States.International connections to NSFNET, the emergence of style such as the Domain Name System, and the adoption of TCP/IP on existing networks in the USA and worldwide marked the starts of the Internet. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) emerged in 1989 in the United States and Australia. Restricted private links to parts of the Net by officially commercial entities emerged in numerous American cities by late 1989 and 1990. The optical foundation of the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, getting rid of the last limitations on making use of the Internet to bring commercial web traffic, as website traffic transitioned to optical networks managed by Sprint, MCI and AT&T in the USA. Study at CERN in Switzerland by the British computer system researcher Tim Berners-Lee in 1989–-- 90 resulted in the World Wide Web, linking hypertext records right into an info system, easily accessible from any node on the network. The dramatic development of the capability of the Internet, enabled by the introduction of wave department multiplexing (WDM) and the rollout of fiber optic cords in the mid-1990s, had an advanced impact on culture, business, and innovation. This implemented the surge of near-instant interaction by e-mail, instantaneous messaging, voice over Internet Method (VoIP) telephone calls, video clip conversation, and the Net with its conversation online forums, blog sites, social networking services, and online purchasing sites. Boosting amounts of data are transferred at higher and higher rates over fiber-optic networks running at 1 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s, and 800 Gbit/s by 2019. The Internet's requisition of the global communication landscape was quick in historic terms: it just connected 1% of the info moving with two-way telecommunications networks in the year 1993, 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated information by 2007. The Internet remains to grow, driven by ever before higher amounts of on-line info, commerce, enjoyment, and social networking solutions. However, the future of the international network might be shaped by local differences.

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A computer lab contains a wide range of information technology elements, including hardware, software and storage systems.

Information technology (IT) is a set of related fields within information and communications technology (ICT), that encompass computer systems, software, programming languages, data and information processing, and storage. Information technology is an application of computer science and computer engineering.

The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several products or services within an economy are associated with information technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, and e-commerce.[1][a]

An information technology system (IT system) is generally an information system, a communications system, or, more specifically speaking, a computer system — including all hardware, software, and peripheral equipment — operated by a limited group of IT users, and an IT project usually refers to the commissioning and implementation of an IT system.[3] IT systems play a vital role in facilitating efficient data management, enhancing communication networks, and supporting organizational processes across various industries. Successful IT projects require meticulous planning and ongoing maintenance to ensure optimal functionality and alignment with organizational objectives.[4]

Although humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, analysing and communicating information since the earliest writing systems were developed,[5] the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)."[6] Their definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs.[6]

History

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Antikythera mechanism, considered the first mechanical analog computer, dating back to the first century BC.

Based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development: pre-mechanical (3000 BC – 1450 AD), mechanical (1450 – 1840), electromechanical (1840 – 1940), and electronic (1940 to present).[5]

Ideas of computer science were first mentioned before the 1950s under the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, where they had discussed and began thinking of computer circuits and numerical calculations. As time went on, the field of information technology and computer science became more complex and was able to handle the processing of more data. Scholarly articles began to be published from different organizations.[7]

During the early computing, Alan Turing, J. Presper Eckert, and John Mauchly were considered some of the major pioneers of computer technology in the mid-1900s. Giving them such credit for their developments, most of their efforts were focused on designing the first digital computer. Along with that, topics such as artificial intelligence began to be brought up as Turing was beginning to question such technology of the time period.[8]

Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a tally stick.[9] The Antikythera mechanism, dating from about the beginning of the first century BC, is generally considered the earliest known mechanical analog computer, and the earliest known geared mechanism.[10] Comparable geared devices did not emerge in Europe until the 16th century, and it was not until 1645 that the first mechanical calculator capable of performing the four basic arithmetical operations was developed.[11]

Zuse Z3 replica on display at Deutsches Museum in Munich. The Zuse Z3 is the first programmable computer.

Electronic computers, using either relays or valves, began to appear in the early 1940s. The electromechanical Zuse Z3, completed in 1941, was the world's first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing machine. During the Second World War, Colossus developed the first electronic digital computer to decrypt German messages. Although it was programmable, it was not general-purpose, being designed to perform only a single task. It also lacked the ability to store its program in memory; programming was carried out using plugs and switches to alter the internal wiring.[12] The first recognizably modern electronic digital stored-program computer was the Manchester Baby, which ran its first program on 21 June 1948.[13]

The development of transistors in the late 1940s at Bell Laboratories allowed a new generation of computers to be designed with greatly reduced power consumption. The first commercially available stored-program computer, the Ferranti Mark I, contained 4050 valves and had a power consumption of 25 kilowatts. By comparison, the first transistorized computer developed at the University of Manchester and operational by November 1953, consumed only 150 watts in its final version.[14]

Several other breakthroughs in semiconductor technology include the integrated circuit (IC) invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959, silicon dioxide surface passivation by Carl Frosch and Lincoln Derick in 1955,[15] the first planar silicon dioxide transistors by Frosch and Derick in 1957,[16] the MOSFET demonstration by a Bell Labs team,[17][18][19][20] the planar process by Jean Hoerni in 1959,[21][22][23] and the microprocessor invented by Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, Masatoshi Shima, and Stanley Mazor at Intel in 1971. These important inventions led to the development of the personal computer (PC) in the 1970s, and the emergence of information and communications technology (ICT).[24]

By 1984, according to the National Westminster Bank Quarterly Review, the term information technology had been redefined as "the convergence of telecommunications and computing technology (...generally known in Britain as information technology)." We then begin to see the appearance of the term in 1990 contained within documents for the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).[25]

Innovations in technology have already revolutionized the world by the twenty-first century as people have gained access to different online services. This has changed the workforce drastically as thirty percent of U.S. workers were already in careers in this profession. 136.9 million people were personally connected to the Internet, which was equivalent to 51 million households.[26] Along with the Internet, new types of technology were also being introduced across the globe, which has improved efficiency and made things easier across the globe.

As technology revolutionized society, millions of processes could be completed in seconds. Innovations in communication were crucial as people increasingly relied on computers to communicate via telephone lines and cable networks. The introduction of the email was considered revolutionary as "companies in one part of the world could communicate by e-mail with suppliers and buyers in another part of the world...".[27]

Not only personally, computers and technology have also revolutionized the marketing industry, resulting in more buyers of their products. In 2002, Americans exceeded $28 billion in goods just over the Internet alone while e-commerce a decade later resulted in $289 billion in sales.[27] And as computers are rapidly becoming more sophisticated by the day, they are becoming more used as people are becoming more reliant on them during the twenty-first century.

 

Data processing

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Ferranti Mark I computer logic board

Electronic data processing or business information processing can refer to the use of automated methods to process commercial data. Typically, this uses relatively simple, repetitive activities to process large volumes of similar information. For example: stock updates applied to an inventory, banking transactions applied to account and customer master files, booking and ticketing transactions to an airline's reservation system, billing for utility services. The modifier "electronic" or "automatic" was used with "data processing" (DP), especially c. 1960, to distinguish human clerical data processing from that done by computer.[28][29]

Storage

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Punched tapes were used in early computers to store and represent data.

Early electronic computers such as Colossus made use of punched tape, a long strip of paper on which data was represented by a series of holes, a technology now obsolete.[30] Electronic data storage, which is used in modern computers, dates from World War II, when a form of delay-line memory was developed to remove the clutter from radar signals, the first practical application of which was the mercury delay line.[31] The first random-access digital storage device was the Williams tube, which was based on a standard cathode ray tube.[32] However, the information stored in it and delay-line memory was volatile in the fact that it had to be continuously refreshed, and thus was lost once power was removed. The earliest form of non-volatile computer storage was the magnetic drum, invented in 1932[33] and used in the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose electronic computer.[34]

IBM card storage warehouse located in Alexandria, Virginia in 1959. This is where the United States government kept storage of punched cards.

IBM introduced the first hard disk drive in 1956, as a component of their 305 RAMAC computer system.[35]: 6  Most digital data today is still stored magnetically on hard disks, or optically on media such as CD-ROMs.[36]: 4–5  Until 2002 most information was stored on analog devices, but that year digital storage capacity exceeded analog for the first time. As of 2007, almost 94% of the data stored worldwide was held digitally:[37] 52% on hard disks, 28% on optical devices, and 11% on digital magnetic tape. It has been estimated that the worldwide capacity to store information on electronic devices grew from less than 3 exabytes in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007,[38] doubling roughly every 3 years.[39]

Databases

[edit]

Database Management Systems (DMS) emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly. An early such system was IBM's Information Management System (IMS),[40] which is still widely deployed more than 50 years later.[41] IMS stores data hierarchically,[40] but in the 1970s Ted Codd proposed an alternative relational storage model based on set theory and predicate logic and the familiar concepts of tables, rows, and columns. In 1981, the first commercially available relational database management system (RDBMS) was released by Oracle.[42]

All DMS consist of components; they allow the data they store to be accessed simultaneously by many users while maintaining its integrity.[43] All databases are common in one point that the structure of the data they contain is defined and stored separately from the data itself, in a database schema.[40]

In the late 2000s (decade), the extensible markup language (XML) has become a popular format for data representation. Although XML data can be stored in normal file systems, it is commonly held in relational databases to take advantage of their "robust implementation verified by years of both theoretical and practical effort."[44] As an evolution of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), XML's text-based structure offers the advantage of being both machine- and human-readable.[45]

 

Transmission

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Radio towers at Pine Hill lookout

Data transmission has three aspects: transmission, propagation, and reception.[46] It can be broadly categorized as broadcasting, in which information is transmitted unidirectionally downstream, or telecommunications, with bidirectional upstream and downstream channels.[38]

XML has been increasingly employed as a means of data interchange since the early 2000s,[47] particularly for machine-oriented interactions such as those involved in web-oriented protocols such as SOAP,[45] describing "data-in-transit rather than... data-at-rest".[47]

Manipulation

[edit]

Hilbert and Lopez identify the exponential pace of technological change (a kind of Moore's law): machines' application-specific capacity to compute information per capita roughly doubled every 14 months between 1986 and 2007; the per capita capacity of the world's general-purpose computers doubled every 18 months during the same two decades; the global telecommunication capacity per capita doubled every 34 months; the world's storage capacity per capita required roughly 40 months to double (every 3 years); and per capita broadcast information has doubled every 12.3 years.[38]

Massive amounts of data are stored worldwide every day, but unless it can be analyzed and presented effectively it essentially resides in what have been called data tombs: "data archives that are seldom visited".[48] To address that issue, the field of data mining — "the process of discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data"[49] — emerged in the late 1980s.[50]

 

Services

[edit]

Email

[edit]
A woman sending an email at an internet cafe's public computer.

The technology and services IT provides for sending and receiving electronic messages (called "letters" or "electronic letters") over a distributed (including global) computer network. In terms of the composition of elements and the principle of operation, electronic mail practically repeats the system of regular (paper) mail, borrowing both terms (mail, letter, envelope, attachment, box, delivery, and others) and characteristic features — ease of use, message transmission delays, sufficient reliability and at the same time no guarantee of delivery. The advantages of e-mail are: easily perceived and remembered by a person addresses of the form user_name@domain_name (for example, somebody@example.com); the ability to transfer both plain text and formatted, as well as arbitrary files; independence of servers (in the general case, they address each other directly); sufficiently high reliability of message delivery; ease of use by humans and programs.

The disadvantages of e-mail include: the presence of such a phenomenon as spam (massive advertising and viral mailings); the theoretical impossibility of guaranteed delivery of a particular letter; possible delays in message delivery (up to several days); limits on the size of one message and on the total size of messages in the mailbox (personal for users).

Search system

[edit]

A search system is software and hardware complex with a web interface that provides the ability to look for information on the Internet. A search engine usually means a site that hosts the interface (front-end) of the system. The software part of a search engine is a search engine (search engine) — a set of programs that provides the functionality of a search engine and is usually a trade secret of the search engine developer company. Most search engines look for information on World Wide Web sites, but there are also systems that can look for files on FTP servers, items in online stores, and information on Usenet newsgroups. Improving search is one of the priorities of the modern Internet (see the Deep Web article about the main problems in the work of search engines).

Commercial effects

[edit]

Companies in the information technology field are often discussed as a group as the "tech sector" or the "tech industry."[51][52][53] These titles can be misleading at times and should not be mistaken for "tech companies," which are generally large scale, for-profit corporations that sell consumer technology and software. From a business perspective, information technology departments are a "cost center" the majority of the time. A cost center is a department or staff which incurs expenses, or "costs," within a company rather than generating profits or revenue streams. Modern businesses rely heavily on technology for their day-to-day operations, so the expenses delegated to cover technology that facilitates business in a more efficient manner are usually seen as "just the cost of doing business." IT departments are allocated funds by senior leadership and must attempt to achieve the desired deliverables while staying within that budget. Government and the private sector might have different funding mechanisms, but the principles are more or less the same. This is an often overlooked reason for the rapid interest in automation and artificial intelligence, but the constant pressure to do more with less is opening the door for automation to take control of at least some minor operations in large companies.

Many companies now have IT departments for managing the computers, networks, and other technical areas of their businesses. Companies have also sought to integrate IT with business outcomes and decision-making through a BizOps or business operations department.[54]

In a business context, the Information Technology Association of America has defined information technology as "the study, design, development, application, implementation, support, or management of computer-based information systems".[55][page needed] The responsibilities of those working in the field include network administration, software development and installation, and the planning and management of an organization's technology life cycle, by which hardware and software are maintained, upgraded, and replaced.

Information services

[edit]

Information services is a term somewhat loosely applied to a variety of IT-related services offered by commercial companies,[56][57][58] as well as data brokers.

Ethics

[edit]

The field of information ethics was established by mathematician Norbert Wiener in the 1940s.[60]: 9  Some of the ethical issues associated with the use of information technology include:[61]: 20–21 

  • Breaches of copyright by those downloading files stored without the permission of the copyright holders
  • Employers monitoring their employees' emails and other Internet usage
  • Unsolicited emails
  • Hackers accessing online databases
  • Web sites installing cookies or spyware to monitor a user's online activities, which may be used by data brokers

IT projects

[edit]

Research suggests that IT projects in business and public administration can easily become significant in scale. Research conducted by McKinsey in collaboration with the University of Oxford suggested that half of all large-scale IT projects (those with initial cost estimates of $15 million or more) often failed to maintain costs within their initial budgets or to complete on time.[62]

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ On the later more broad application of the term IT, Keary comments: "In its original application 'information technology' was appropriate to describe the convergence of technologies with application in the vast field of data storage, retrieval, processing, and dissemination. This useful conceptual term has since been converted to what purports to be of great use, but without the reinforcement of definition ... the term IT lacks substance when applied to the name of any function, discipline, or position."[2]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011), "Information technology", A Dictionary of Media and Communication (first ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199568758, retrieved 1 August 2012, Commonly a synonym for computers and computer networks but more broadly designating any technology that is used to generate, store, process, and/or distribute information electronically, including television and telephone..
  2. ^ Ralston, Hemmendinger & Reilly (2000), p. 869.
  3. ^ Forbes Technology Council, 16 Key Steps To Successful IT Project Management, published 10 September 2020, accessed 23 June 2023
  4. ^ Hindarto, Djarot (30 August 2023). "The Management of Projects is Improved Through Enterprise Architecture on Project Management Application Systems". International Journal Software Engineering and Computer Science. 3 (2): 151–161. doi:10.35870/ijsecs.v3i2.1512. ISSN 2776-3242.
  5. ^ a b Butler, Jeremy G., A History of Information Technology and Systems, University of Arizona, archived from the original on 5 August 2012, retrieved 2 August 2012
  6. ^ a b Leavitt, Harold J.; Whisler, Thomas L. (1958), "Management in the 1980s", Harvard Business Review, 11.
  7. ^ Slotten, Hugh Richard (1 January 2014). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199766666.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-976666-6.
  8. ^ Henderson, H. (2017). computer science. In H. Henderson, Facts on File science library: Encyclopedia of computer science and technology. (3rd ed.). [Online]. New York: Facts On File.
  9. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise (1981), "Decipherment of the earliest tablets", Science, 211 (4479): 283–285, Bibcode:1981Sci...211..283S, doi:10.1126/science.211.4479.283, ISSN 0036-8075, PMID 17748027.
  10. ^ Wright (2012), p. 279.
  11. ^ Chaudhuri (2004), p. 3.
  12. ^ Lavington (1980), p. 11.
  13. ^ Enticknap, Nicholas (Summer 1998), "Computing's Golden Jubilee", Resurrection (20), ISSN 0958-7403, archived from the original on 9 January 2012, retrieved 19 April 2008.
  14. ^ Cooke-Yarborough, E. H. (June 1998), "Some early transistor applications in the UK", Engineering Science & Education Journal, 7 (3): 100–106, doi:10.1049/esej:19980301 (inactive 12 July 2025), ISSN 0963-7346citation: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link).
  15. ^ US2802760A, Lincoln, Derick & Frosch, Carl J., "Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion", issued 13 August 1957 
  16. ^ Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957). "Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 104 (9): 547. doi:10.1149/1.2428650.
  17. ^ KAHNG, D. (1961). "Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device". Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories: 583–596. doi:10.1142/9789814503464_0076. ISBN 978-981-02-0209-5. cite journal: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  18. ^ Lojek, Bo (2007). History of Semiconductor Engineering. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 321. ISBN 978-3-540-34258-8.
  19. ^ Ligenza, J.R.; Spitzer, W.G. (1960). "The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 14: 131–136. Bibcode:1960JPCS...14..131L. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5.
  20. ^ Lojek, Bo (2007). History of Semiconductor Engineering. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 120. ISBN 9783540342588.
  21. ^ Lojek, Bo (2007). History of Semiconductor Engineering. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 120 & 321–323. ISBN 9783540342588.
  22. ^ Bassett, Ross Knox (2007). To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 46. ISBN 9780801886393.
  23. ^ US 3025589  Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices" filed May 1, 1959
  24. ^ "Advanced information on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2000" (PDF). Nobel Prize. June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  25. ^ Information technology. (2003). In E.D. Reilly, A. Ralston & D. Hemmendinger (Eds.), Encyclopedia of computer science. (4th ed.).
  26. ^ Stewart, C.M. (2018). Computers. In S. Bronner (Ed.), Encyclopedia of American studies. [Online]. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  27. ^ a b Northrup, C.C. (2013). Computers. In C. Clark Northrup (Ed.), Encyclopedia of world trade: from ancient times to the present. [Online]. London: Routledge.
  28. ^ Illingworth, Valerie (11 December 1997). Dictionary of Computing. Oxford Paperback Reference (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 126. ISBN 9780192800466.
  29. ^ Anthony Ralston. Encyclopedia of Computer Science 4ed. Nature group. p. 502.
  30. ^ Alavudeen & Venkateshwaran (2010), p. 178.
  31. ^ Lavington (1998), p. 1.
  32. ^ "Early computers at Manchester University", Resurrection, 1 (4), Summer 1992, ISSN 0958-7403, archived from the original on 28 August 2017, retrieved 19 April 2008.
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Further reading

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The Net Method (IP) is the network layer interactions protocol in the Net protocol suite for passing on datagrams throughout network boundaries. Its routing function makes it possible for internetworking, and basically establishes the Net. IP has the job of supplying packets from the source host to the destination host only based upon the IP addresses in the packet headers. For this objective, IP specifies packet structures that encapsulate the data to be supplied. It likewise specifies addressing methods that are utilized to identify the datagram with resource and location details. IP was the connectionless datagram service in the original Transmission Control Program presented by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1974, which was complemented by a connection-oriented service that ended up being the basis for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The Web protocol collection is for that reason usually referred to as TCP/IP. The initial major variation of IP, Net Method version 4 (IPv4), is the dominant procedure of the Internet. Its follower is Internet Procedure variation 6 (IPv6), which has actually been in boosting implementation on the public Net since around 2006.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Regular maintenance—often monthly or quarterly—ensures your systems stay secure, updated, and free of issues. Preventative IT maintenance can reduce downtime, extend equipment life, and identify potential threats before they cause costly disruptions.

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Yes, most providers tailor services to suit your business size, industry, and needs—whether you need full IT management or specific services like helpdesk support, cybersecurity, or cloud migration.

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Managed IT services involve outsourcing your company’s IT support and infrastructure to a professional provider. This includes monitoring, maintenance, data security, and tech support, allowing you to focus on your business while ensuring your systems stay secure, updated, and running smoothly.

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