Top Photographers in My Area

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Top Photographers in My Area

Here's a quick overview of our entire session experience so you can relax and enjoy making memories.

Top Photographers in My Area - years

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  • maternity
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This intimate portrait session in our Carmel studio includes flattering lingerie or implied nude posing. For the most recommended professional photographer nearby call L. Severson Photography. . Regular family photography sessions are popular among many clientele, maybe every spring and fall. Magazine spread worthy images come from crisp focus, balanced color profiles, crystal clean resolution, and smooth out-of-focus blending.

This allows a dimensional view of students in their element as they prepare to launch toward bright futures beyond high school. Image Editing & Delivery - After your session wraps, the L Severson Photography production team gets to work editing images through our rigorous refinement process. Check Reviews: Photographer reviews on Google and Facebook provide transparent feedback based on real client experiences.

Top Photographers in My Area - years

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Meaningful Sites that Match Your Family's Style: Beyond our friendly Carmel studio, we invite sessions in Indianapolis's preferred sites and monuments. We advise sessions around thirty-two weeks when your tummy displays its best curvature. They notice interesting light patterns, textures, colors, and compositions in everyday scenes that most people would walk past without a second glance.

We want you to arrive to portrait day feeling completely relaxed, prepared, and delighted to memorialize this significant life chapter with priceless professional photography. The equipment advantage is substantial-professionals utilize full-frame cameras, specialized lenses with wide apertures (f/1. maternity The transformation process often involves making creative decisions about what to include and exclude from the frame.

Trusted Photography Services for All Occasions

About L. Severson Photography: Your Top Choice When You Need a Photographer in Carmel, Indiana

Imagine having stunning portraits that tell the story of your family's journey, from the anticipation of a new arrival to the milestones of a graduating senior. L. Severson Photography, a premier portrait studio in Carmel, Indiana, specializes in capturing these precious moments with warmth and authenticity. With over two decades of experience, Leah Severson has built a reputation for creating timeless images that reflect the unique personalities and connections within families.

newborn photo from L. Severson Photography

Services Provided

  1. L. Severson Photography offers a comprehensive selection of photography services to meet the various desires and needs:
  • Maternity photography: Celebrate the beauty of motherhood through stunning maternity portraits that capture the vibrant glow and excitement of this exciting period. These sessions are designed to capture the joy and wonder of motherhood, capturing unforgettable memories from this transformative journey.
  • Newborn & Baby Photography: Preserve the delicate appearance and the innocence of your baby with timeless portraits taken in a comfortable and relaxed environment. Leah's knowledge of newborn photography assures that your baby is handled with the utmost care and their distinctive character shines through every image.
  • Family & Children's Photography: Capture the unique bond and personalities of your family members with natural and candid shots that express your love and connection. It doesn't matter if it's a fun time in the park or a cozy gathering at home, Leah has a knack for taking candid photos that you'll cherish for years to come.
  • Senior Photography:Commemorate this important milestone with senior portraits that show your personality and style. From casual and relaxed to elegant and sophisticated, Leah works with seniors to create photographs that show their uniqueness and honor their achievements.
  • Boudoir Photography: Celebrate your femininity and confidence through a boudoir photoshoot that encourages and empowers. The sessions are designed to provide an environment that is safe and secure for women to show their sensuality and embrace their own beauty.
  • Cake Smash Photography: Add a touch of whimsy and fun to your baby's first birthday by having an adorable cake smash photoshoot which captures their adorable faces and sloppy delight. These photoshoots are full of happiness and laughter, creating lasting memories of this important milestone.
  • First Communion Photography: Capture the joy and reverence in your child's First Communion with beautiful portraits that commemorate this important spiritual event. .
  • Image Restoration: Restore treasured memories, and save family history with professional photo restoration services. Breathe new life into old photographs, repairing damaged areas and improving the quality to ensure that your precious memories are kept for future generations.

Senior Portrait in Carmel, IN

Location and Contact Information

  1. Severson Photography is conveniently located in Carmel, Indiana, at 101 Monon Blvd Unit 1B1. The studio is easily accessible from various points of interest in Carmel, including the Palladium, the Monon Trail, and Midtown Plaza. To schedule a consultation or book a session, you can contact Leah Severson at 317-867-3723 or through the contact form on her website.

About the Photographer

Leah Severson's passion for photography blossomed when she became a mother. Inspired by her own children, she began capturing their precious moments and soon realized her talent for preserving memories for other families. With over 20 years of experience, Leah has developed a warm and inviting style that puts clients at ease, ensuring that every photoshoot is a relaxed and enjoyable experience. She has a knack for connecting with families and capturing their unique dynamics, creating images that are both beautiful and authentic.

Leah's journey as a photographer took an unexpected turn in 2009 when she was diagnosed with breast cancer. This experience profoundly impacted her outlook on life and further fueled her passion for capturing life's precious moments. She now considers it her personal mission to encourage women to prioritize their health and get their annual mammograms.

In addition to her photography business, Leah is also a successful entrepreneur who teaches small business owners how to improve their online presence and reach the top of Google search results through search engine optimization (SEO). This expertise allows her to effectively promote her photography business online and reach a wider audience.

Leah's husband, Todd, also plays an integral role in the business. Twenty years ago, he made the bold decision to quit his full-time job and join Leah in her photography venture. Together, they have built a thriving business that is rooted in their shared passion for photography and their commitment to providing exceptional service to their clients.

Client Testimonials

Clients rave about Leah's professionalism, her ability to create a comfortable atmosphere, and her talent for capturing genuine emotions. Here are a few testimonials from satisfied clients:

  • "Leah is amazing! She made us feel so comfortable during our newborn photoshoot, and the pictures are absolutely stunning. We will cherish them forever."
  • "We've been going to Leah for family photos for years, and she always captures our kids' personalities perfectly. She's so patient and kind, and the kids love her!"
  • "I had a boudoir photoshoot with Leah, and it was such an empowering experience. She made me feel beautiful and confident, and the photos are incredible."

Points of Interest Near L. Severson Photography

  1. Severson Photography's studio is located in a vibrant area with various attractions and amenities. Here are some points of interest nearby:




Point of Interest

Description

The Palladium at the Allied Solutions Center for the Performing Arts

A world-class concert hall that hosts a variety of performances.

Carmel Arts & Design District

A charming district with art galleries, boutiques, and restaurants.

Monon Trail

A scenic trail that runs through Carmel, perfect for walking and biking.

Midtown Plaza

A newly developed area along Monon Boulevard with places to sit and relax.

Monon Community Center

A state-of-the-art recreation center with a fitness center and indoor pool.

Examples of L. Severson Photography's Work

Leah Severson's portfolio is a testament to her artistic vision and her ability to capture genuine emotions. Her website features a gallery with a diverse range of photographs, including:

  • Maternity Photos: Stunning images of expectant mothers, highlighting the beauty and anticipation of pregnancy.
  • Newborn & Baby Portraits: Adorable photos of newborns and babies, capturing their delicate features and innocence.
  • Family Portraits: Heartwarming images of families, showcasing their love and connection.
  • Senior Pictures: Stylish and expressive portraits of high school seniors, capturing their unique personalities.
  • Boudoir Photos: Sensual and empowering images of women, celebrating their femininity and confidence.

childen's photographer near me

L. Severson Photography is a trusted name in Indianapolis for capturing life's precious moments. With a wide range of services, a convenient location, and a passionate photographer with over 20 years of experience, L. Severson Photography is an excellent choice for families looking to preserve their memories with beautiful and timeless portraits. Leah Severson's dedication to her craft and her clients shines through in her work, making her a sought-after photographer in the Indianapolis area. Her personalized approach and commitment to building lasting relationships with clients ensure that every photoshoot is a comfortable and enjoyable experience. To learn more about L. Severson Photography's services and book a session, visit her website or contact the studio today.

Annual Events in Carmel, Indiana

Carmel, Indiana is a vibrant city with a thriving arts and culture scene. Throughout the year, Carmel hosts a variety of events and festivals that draw visitors from all over the state and beyond. Whether you're interested in art, music, food, or simply enjoying the outdoors, there's something for everyone in Carmel. Here's a look at some of the most popular annual events in Carmel:

Art of Wine

The Art of Wine festival is a celebration of Indiana wines, held annually in the Carmel Arts & Design District. This event features wine tastings from various wineries across the state, live entertainment, and the opportunity to explore the district's unique shops and art galleries1.
When: May Location: Carmel Arts & Design District.
Highlights:
Sample a wide variety of wines from Indiana wineries.
Enjoy live music and entertainment1.
Explore the Carmel Arts & Design District's galleries and shops.
Purchase wine by the glass or bottle1.
All ages are welcome to attend1.

Artomobilia

Artomobilia is a unique event that brings together car enthusiasts, artists, and collectors to celebrate the art and design of automobiles. This annual gathering showcases a diverse range of classic, exotic, and historically significant cars, along with automotive-themed art exhibitions in the galleries of the Carmel Arts & Design District. Artomobilia truly stands out by offering a captivating blend of automotive admiration and artistic expression.
When: August Location: Carmel Arts & Design District and Midtown
See over 400 collector cars, including Supercar, Exotic, Sports Car, Classics, Racers, Historically Preserved, Indiana Built, Sedan/Coupe, and more.
Explore art galleries exhibiting automotive-themed art.
Enjoy the vibrant atmosphere and the passion for automotive design.

Indy GreekFest
Immerse yourself in Greek culture and traditions at Indy GreekFest, an annual celebration of Greek food, music, and dance. This family-friendly event offers a taste of Greece with authentic cuisine, live performances, and activities for all ages8. Indy GreekFest also serves as a fundraiser, with proceeds benefiting Saint Basil Food Pantry, The Lord's Pantry at Anna's House, and Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Cathedral9.
When: August Location: Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Cathedral
Highlights:
Savor delicious Greek dishes and pastries9.
Enjoy traditional Greek music and dance performances.
Experience the vibrant atmosphere of a Greek festival.

Carmel International Arts Festival


The Carmel International Arts Festival is a premier arts event that showcases the work of over 100 juried artists from around the world. This annual festival features a diverse range of art mediums, live music performances, and activities for all ages.
When: September Location: Carmel Arts & Design District
Highlights:
Discover and purchase unique artwork from a variety of mediums.
Enjoy live music and dance performances on two stages.
Participate in interactive art activities.
Experience the vibrant atmosphere of the Carmel Arts & Design District.

Carmel Christkindlmarkt


Experience the magic of a traditional German Christmas market at the Carmel Christkindlmarkt. This annual event transforms Carter Green into a festive wonderland with charming wooden huts, twinkling lights, and the aroma of roasted nuts and Glühwein. The Carmel Christkindlmarkt offers an authentic German Christmas market experience, complete with handcrafted gifts, traditional food and drinks, and festive entertainment.
When: November to December 24, 2025 Location: Carmel Christkindlmarkt at Carter Green
Highlights:
Shop for unique gifts and handcrafted ornaments.
Indulge in traditional German food and drinks.
Enjoy live music and holiday entertainment.
Go ice skating at the Ice at Carter Green.
Experience the festive atmosphere of a traditional German Christmas market.
Kinderecke: A special area for children with crafts, characters, and music.

The Arts in Autumn

The Arts in Autumn is a fall festival that celebrates the arts and culture of Carmel. This event features a variety of activities, including live music, art demonstrations, and family-friendly entertainment.

Date and Time: October Location: Midtown Plaza to the Indiana Design Center and the Arts & Design District
Highlights:
Enjoy live music performances.
Participate in arts and crafts activities.
Watch a movie screening on the big screen.
Explore the Arts & Design District and Midtown Plaza.
Participate in moss workshops on Main Street.
Enter a costume contest.
Enjoy a flower arranging workshop.
Participate in craft activities at Holder Mattress.
Enjoy a touch-a-truck activity.

Conclusion

Carmel, Indiana, is a city that truly comes alive with its diverse and engaging annual events. From celebrating the arts and indulging in culinary delights to embracing cultural traditions and promoting an active lifestyle, Carmel offers something for everyone. The city's commitment to creating a vibrant and welcoming atmosphere is evident in its well-planned events and festivals. L. Severson Photography is proud to live and do business here. Whether you're a resident or a visitor, exploring Carmel's event calendar is a must to experience the true essence of this dynamic community.

Carmel, Indiana: A City Guide

Carmel, Indiana, is a thriving city located just north of Indianapolis. Known for its beautiful neighborhoods, top-rated schools, and a vibrant arts and culture scene, Carmel offers something for everyone. To gather information for this guide, we started by exploring the official website of Carmel, Indiana. Whether you're interested in history, the arts, or simply enjoying the outdoors, you'll find plenty to do in this charming city.

History of Carmel

Carmel was originally founded in 1837 as the town of Bethlehem. The town was renamed Carmel in 1874 after it was discovered that another town in Indiana already had the name Bethlehem2. The name Carmel is a reference to the biblical settlement mentioned in 1 Samuel 25:22.

In the early days, Carmel was a small farming community. The arrival of the Monon Railroad in 1882 spurred growth and development3. Carmel continued to grow throughout the 20th century, and in 1976, it officially became a city. Today, Carmel is a thriving suburban city with a population of over 100,000. Carmel's journey reflects a remarkable evolution from a modest farming community to a dynamic suburban hub.

Demographics

Carmel is a relatively diverse city. The following table provides a snapshot of the city's demographics:




Characteristic

Value

Population (2020)

99,757

Racial makeup (2020)

75.72% White, 3.26% African American, 12.00% Asian, 4.53% Hispanic or Latino

Median household income (2019-2023)

$134,602

Median home price (2022)

$425,900

Poverty rate

3.7%

Arts and Culture

Carmel has a thriving arts and culture scene. The city is home to several notable institutions, including:

  • The Center for the Performing Arts: This world-class venue hosts a variety of performances, including concerts, plays, and ballets. The Palladium, a stunning concert hall, is the centerpiece of the Center for the Performing Arts.
  • Carmel Arts & Design District: This vibrant district is home to art galleries, boutiques, and restaurants. Take a stroll down Main Street and enjoy the public art installations5.
  • The Songbook Foundation: This foundation is dedicated to preserving and celebrating the Great American Songbook.

Carmel's dedication to the arts is evident in its numerous cultural venues and events.

Top Attractions

In addition to its vibrant arts and culture scene, Carmel offers a variety of attractions for visitors and residents alike. To identify the top attractions, we consulted the Carmel tourism website8. Here are a few of the must-see attractions:

  • Midtown Plaza: This outdoor plaza is a great place to relax and enjoy the city. There's a lawn for picnics, a stage for live music, and ping pong tables6.
  • Clay Terrace: This outdoor mall offers a variety of shopping and dining options.
  • Palladiscope: This unique attraction offers a 360-degree view of the city.

Outdoor Recreation

Carmel is committed to providing green spaces and opportunities for outdoor activities1. Here are a few of the best places to enjoy the outdoors in Carmel:

  • Monon Trail: This paved trail is perfect for walking, biking, and running. The trail connects Carmel to Indianapolis and Westfield. It's a popular spot for recreation and commuting, and it offers beautiful views of the city and surrounding nature.
  • Flowing Well Park: This park is home to a natural artesian well. Visitors can fill up their own jugs with fresh water. The park also has walking trails and picnic areas.
  • Carmel Clay Parks: Carmel has a robust park system with over 13 parks offering a variety of amenities, including playgrounds, sports fields, and nature trails. These parks provide opportunities for recreation and relaxation for residents of all ages.

With its "Miles of Paths & Trails," Carmel encourages residents and visitors to explore the city and enjoy its natural beauty.

Events and Festivals

Carmel hosts a variety of events and festivals throughout the year. One of the most popular events is the Carmel Christkindlmarkt, a traditional German Christmas market. Held annually during the holiday season, the Christkindlmarkt features German food and drinks, unique gifts, and live entertainment.

Sports and Recreation

For those interested in sports and recreation, Carmel has several options:

  • Golf Courses: Carmel is home to several golf courses, offering challenges for golfers of all skill levels.

Landmarks and Monuments

Carmel has several landmarks and monuments that commemorate its history and values:

  • Veterans Memorial: This memorial serves as a tribute to all United States veterans. It's a place for reflection and remembrance, honoring the service and sacrifice of those who have defended the country.

Transportation

Getting around Carmel is easy, thanks to the city's well-planned transportation system. One of the most distinctive features of Carmel is its extensive network of roundabouts1. Roundabouts help to improve traffic flow and reduce accidents.

Economy and Business

Carmel has a strong and diverse economy. Information about Carmel's business environment was gathered from the Carmel Chamber of Commerce website. The city is home to numerous corporate headquarters, including:

  • Allied Solutions: This company provides insurance and financial services.

Top Restaurants

Carmel has a thriving culinary scene. Carmel's culinary scene offers a diverse range of dining experiences, from upscale steakhouses to cozy cafes. Here are a few of the top-rated restaurants in the city:

  • Anthony's Chophouse: This upscale steakhouse offers classic dishes with a modern twist. The restaurant is known for its elegant atmosphere and extensive wine list.
  • Monterey Coastal Cuisine: This restaurant serves fresh seafood and sushi. It's a popular spot for special occasions and romantic dinners.
  • The Cake Bake Shop: This bakery and restaurant is known for its delicious cakes and pastries. It's a great place to indulge your sweet tooth or enjoy a leisurely brunch.
  • Woody's Library Restaurant: This historic restaurant is located in a former library building. It offers a unique dining experience with its cozy atmosphere and classic American cuisine.
  • Bub's Cafe: This cafe serves up fresh breakfast and lunch options. It's a popular spot for locals and visitors alike, known for its friendly service and delicious food.
  • Divvy: This restaurant offers a unique "sharing plates" concept. It's a great place to enjoy a variety of dishes with friends and family.
  • Eggshell Bistro: This bistro serves eclectic breakfast and lunch fare. It's known for its creative dishes and cozy atmosphere.

Conclusion

Carmel, Indiana, is a city with a rich history, a diverse population, and a vibrant culture. With its many attractions and restaurants, Carmel is a great place to visit or call home. Whether you're interested in exploring the city's history, enjoying the arts, or simply relaxing in the outdoors, you're sure to find something to love about Carmel. The city's commitment to sustainability, its strong sense of community, and its family-friendly atmosphere make it a truly special place.

Living the Good Life in Carmel, Indiana: A Guide to the Best Neighborhoods

Carmel, Indiana, consistently ranks among the best places to live in the United States, and for good reason. With its thriving arts and culture scene, excellent schools, and safe neighborhoods, Carmel offers a high quality of life for residents of all ages. But with so many great neighborhoods to choose from, it can be challenging to know where to start your search. This comprehensive guide explores some of the best neighborhoods in Carmel, based on factors like safety, schools, amenities, proximity to jobs, and cost of living, to help you find the perfect place to call home.

Carmel Overview

Carmel is a suburban city located just north of Indianapolis. In recent years, Carmel has experienced remarkable growth and development, transforming into a dynamic and energetic city with a unique blend of small-town charm and big-city amenities. This transformation is largely due to ambitious redevelopment projects and a focus on creating a connected community2. Carmel boasts a strong and relatively stable economy thanks to its proximity to Indianapolis, its central location in the state, and its excellent tax environment.

Carmel is known for its meticulous urban planning, with a particular emphasis on roundabouts. In fact, Carmel has the most roundabouts of any city in the United States. This unique approach to traffic management contributes to the city's smooth traffic flow and enhances safety. The city also takes pride in its well-maintained roads and infrastructure. Carmel offers a mix of housing options, from luxurious estates to more affordable single-family homes, all within well-kept neighborhoods. The city has a flourishing downtown district with ample opportunities for shopping and dining, making it a coveted spot for people of all ages.

Carmel's commitment to quality of life is reflected in the numerous accolades it has received. It was ranked the #1 Best Small City in America by WalletHub, #3 Best Places to Live in the U.S. (and #1 in the Midwest) by Livability, and the #1 Best Place to Live in Indiana by Niche. With its focus on arts and culture, family-friendliness, and a thriving downtown district, Carmel has earned its reputation as a top place to live.

The demographics of Carmel are as follows:

  • Total Population: 98,137
  • Median Age: 40.3 years
  • Population Density: High
  • Average Individual Income: $64,078

Best Neighborhoods in Carmel

Village of West Clay

If you're looking for a neighborhood with a strong sense of community and a charming, historic atmosphere, the Village of West Clay is an excellent choice. Picture historic-style brick storefronts lining tree-lined sidewalks, and you'll have a good idea of what to expect. This meticulously planned community on the western side of Carmel offers a cozy and historic feel, with numerous paths, parks, and exercise facilities. The Village of West Clay emphasizes community and recreation, hosting annual events and festivals that bring residents together. These events include holiday celebrations, farmers' markets, and outdoor concerts, fostering a close-knit atmosphere.

The neighborhood offers a variety of housing options, from single-family homes to townhomes, with a traditional, small-town atmosphere. While the Village of West Clay provides most of what residents need, it's worth noting that amenities like movie theaters require venturing outside the village. It's also important to consider that master-planned communities like the Village of West Clay often have homeowner association (HOA) fees and regulations that may be stricter than in other neighborhoods.

Laurelwood

South of the Village of West Clay lies Laurelwood, a smaller neighborhood known for its incredible estates. Here, you'll find stone mansions and expansive grounds that epitomize luxury living. Homes in Laurelwood often feature high-end amenities like top-of-the-line appliances, spa bathrooms, and stunning landscaping. If you're looking for a neighborhood that exudes elegance and exclusivity, Laurelwood is worth considering.

Bridlebourne

Further west, you'll discover Bridlebourne, an exclusive, private community within Carmel. This neighborhood features upscale estates situated on large lots, offering residents a sense of privacy and spaciousness9. Homes in Bridlebourne are characterized by their meticulous design, with features like high ceilings, limestone accents, and expansive living areas.

Windsor Grove

Located on streets like Londonberry and Iron Horse, Windsor Grove is a cozy neighborhood with a mix of older and newer homes. Properties in Windsor Grove typically range from 6,000 to 8,000 square feet and showcase exquisite attention to detail. Whether you prefer a classic Colonial mansion or a modern farmhouse, Windsor Grove offers a variety of architectural styles to suit different tastes.

Jackson's Grant

With Williams Creek meandering through its heart, Jackson's Grant is a picturesque and tranquil neighborhood. This 280-acre planned community is nestled beside untouched forests and scenic walking trails. Jackson's Grant comprises six distinct enclaves, each with its own character, from the European-inspired Exmoor community to the waterfront properties in Creekside. One of the unique aspects of Jackson's Grant is that residents have the opportunity to submit their own home designs or choose from pre-approved options, allowing for a greater degree of customization and personalization.

Bridgewater Club

For those seeking a luxurious lifestyle with a vibrant social scene, Bridgewater Club is an excellent choice. This golf course community offers more than just a place to live; it's an experience. Homes in Bridgewater Club are spacious and boast stunning architectural designs and high-end finishes. Residents enjoy access to a private country club with an 18-hole championship golf course, swimming pools, tennis courts, and a fitness center. The community also features beautifully landscaped walking trails and parks, providing ample opportunities for outdoor recreation. Bridgewater Club offers a variety of housing options, including single-family homes, estates, villas, and townhomes.

Housing Options

Carmel offers a diverse range of housing options to meet various needs and preferences. From cozy townhomes to sprawling estates, you're sure to find something that suits your lifestyle and budget. Here's a closer look at the housing options available in some of Carmel's most desirable neighborhoods:




Neighborhood

Housing Options

Architectural Styles

Square Footage

Price Range

Applewood Estates

Primarily single-family homes

Traditional, Ranch, Colonial

2,000 - 5,000+

$400,000 - $1,000,000+

Arden Townhomes

Townhomes and condos

Modern, Contemporary

1,500 - 2,500+

$300,000 - $600,000+

Ashmore Trace

Townhomes and apartments

Traditional, Ranch

1,000 - 2,000+

$1,400 - $2,000+ (rent)

Bainbridge

Single-family homes with some condos and townhomes

Traditional, Craftsman

2,000 - 4,000+

$300,000 - $800,000+

Bayhill

Single-family homes

Traditional, Ranch, Contemporary

3,000 - 6,000+

$500,000 - $1,000,000+

Briarstone

Primarily condos

Ranch, Contemporary

1,100 - 1,800+

$200,000 - $400,000+

Bridgewater Club

Single-family homes, estates, villas, townhomes, and smaller "empty nest" communities

Variety of styles

2,000 - 10,000+

$400,000 - $3,000,000+

Bridlewood

Single-family homes

Traditional, Ranch

2,500 - 4,000+

$400,000 - $700,000+

This table provides a general overview of housing options in Carmel. It's important to note that availability and specific features can vary significantly within each neighborhood. Consulting with a local real estate agent can provide more detailed and up-to-date information.

Carmel Real Estate Market Trends

Carmel's real estate market is currently quite competitive, especially for homes in the $300,000 to $400,000 price range. The median list price for homes in Carmel is around $630,000, with an average price per square foot of $264. The market offers a variety of property types, including single-family homes, condos, townhomes, and new construction. As interest rates fluctuate, buyers may face challenges in finding homes due to low inventory. These factors contribute to a competitive market where homes often sell over the asking price.

Factors to Consider When Choosing a Neighborhood

Safety and Diversity

Carmel consistently ranks as one of the safest cities in Indiana and the United States. In 2023, AdvisorSmith ranked Carmel as the No. 1 safest midsize city in America, based on FBI crime data. The city's low crime rates are attributed to factors like strong community programs, active law enforcement, and a relatively low population density compared to larger urban areas. Carmel's commitment to safety is further evidenced by the establishment of a Mayor's Advisory Commission on Public Safety.

To put the safety of Carmel in perspective, the odds of experiencing property crime in Carmel are 1 in 124, compared to 1 in 65 for the rest of Indiana. This statistic highlights the city's dedication to providing a secure environment for its residents. Furthermore, Carmel is a welcoming and inclusive community. One resident shared their positive experience as part of a mixed-race family living in a Carmel subdivision, stating that they "never felt unwelcome."

Schools and Education

Carmel is renowned for its excellent schools, with the Carmel Clay Schools system consistently ranking among the best in the state. The district comprises eleven elementary schools, three middle schools, and one high school. Carmel High School is particularly noteworthy, offering a comprehensive curriculum with real-world and hands-on learning opportunities. In addition to public schools, Carmel has several outstanding parochial and independent schools. The high quality of education in Carmel is a major draw for families with children.

For those researching schools in Carmel, online resources like the one found at can be helpful in finding the best schools in specific neighborhoods. However, it's important to note that the Carmel school system can be challenging to navigate due to its size and diversity. Parents new to the area may find it beneficial to consult with school officials or other parents to gain a better understanding of the different schools and their programs.

Amenities and Recreation

Carmel offers a wide array of amenities to suit diverse interests. The city has a thriving arts and culture scene, with venues like the Center for the Performing Arts, the Tarkington, and The Studio Theater providing entertainment options. The Arts & Design District, located in the heart of Old Town Carmel, is a hub for creativity, featuring showrooms, galleries, and premier interior designers.

Carmel also boasts numerous parks and green spaces, including the 5.2-mile Monon Greenway and Monon Community Center. The Monon Trail, a popular walking and biking path, connects to Carmel's downtown area, providing residents with easy access to shops, restaurants, and cultural attractions. The Monon Center offers a variety of recreational activities, including fitness classes and an indoor water play area for children. Other popular parks in and around Carmel include Cool Creek Park, Coxhall Gardens, and Flowing Well Park, which features a water park.

For those seeking a unique cultural experience, Carmel hosts a Christkindl Market during the holiday season. This German-style Christmas market offers a festive atmosphere with traditional crafts, food, and entertainment. In addition to these community amenities, some apartment complexes in Carmel offer features like detached garages, providing residents with convenient and secure parking.

Proximity to Jobs and Transportation

Carmel's proximity to Indianapolis provides residents with easy access to a wide range of employment opportunities. The city itself also has a growing job market, with businesses attracted to Carmel's strong economy and high quality of life. Carmel's location makes it an ideal place to live for those who want to balance career and community.

Getting around Carmel is remarkably easy, thanks to the city's well-planned infrastructure. The extensive use of roundabouts, along with well-maintained roads, contributes to smooth traffic flow and reduces congestion. This efficient transportation system makes commuting to Indianapolis or other nearby areas convenient and stress-free.

Cost of Living

While Carmel is known for its upscale neighborhoods and luxury homes, it also offers a range of housing options to suit different budgets. The median home price in Carmel is higher than the national average, but it's important to consider the city's low crime rates, excellent schools, and abundance of amenities when evaluating the cost of living. Carmel's strong economy and job market also contribute to its affordability. However, it's worth noting that the housing market in Carmel can be competitive, particularly for homes in certain price ranges.

Conclusion

Carmel, Indiana, offers a variety of exceptional neighborhoods to suit different lifestyles. Whether you're looking for a family-friendly community with top-rated schools, a luxurious golf course setting, or a historic village atmosphere, Carmel has something to offer. Each neighborhood has its own unique character and advantages. For example, the Village of West Clay provides a strong sense of community and a charming, traditional atmosphere, while Laurelwood offers luxurious estates and a more exclusive setting. Bridgewater Club appeals to those seeking a resort-style lifestyle with access to a private golf course and other amenities, while Jackson's Grant provides the opportunity for greater customization in home design.

When choosing a neighborhood in Carmel, it's essential to consider your priorities and preferences. Factors like safety, schools, amenities, proximity to jobs, and cost of living all play a role in finding the right fit. Carmel's commitment to quality of life, combined with its diverse housing options and excellent location, makes it an ideal place to call home.

To learn more about the specific neighborhoods that interest you, we encourage you to explore online resources, visit Carmel in person, and consult with a local real estate agent. They can provide valuable insights and guidance to help you make an informed decision.

 

Photography of Sierra Nevada

Photography is the art, application, and practice of creating images by recording light, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. It is employed in many fields of science, manufacturing (e.g., photolithography), and business, as well as its more direct uses for art, film and video production, recreational purposes, hobby, and mass communication.[1] A person who captures or takes photographs is called a photographer.

Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. With an electronic image sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel, which is electronically processed and stored in a digital image file for subsequent display or processing. The result with photographic emulsion is an invisible latent image, which is later chemically "developed" into a visible image, either negative or positive, depending on the purpose of the photographic material and the method of processing. A negative image on film is traditionally used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a print, either by using an enlarger or by contact printing.

Before the emergence of digital photography, photographs on film had to be developed to produce negatives or projectable slides, and negatives had to be printed as positive images, usually in enlarged form. This was usually done by photographic laboratories, but many amateurs did their own processing.

Etymology

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The word "photography" was created from the Greek roots φωτÏŒς (phōtós), genitive of φῶς (phōs), "light"[2] and γραφή (graphé) "representation by means of lines" or "drawing",[3] together meaning "drawing with light".[4]

Several people may have coined the same new term from these roots independently. Hércules Florence, a French painter and inventor living in Campinas, Brazil, used the French form of the word, photographie, in private notes which a Brazilian historian believes were written in 1834.[5] This claim is widely reported but is not yet largely recognized internationally. The first use of the word by Florence became widely known after the research of Boris Kossoy in 1980.[6]

On 25 February 1839, the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung published an article titled Photographie, discussing several priority claims, especially that of Henry Fox Talbot's, in relation to Daguerre's claim of invention.[7] The article is the earliest known occurrence of the word in public print.[8] It was signed "J.M.", believed to have been Berlin astronomer Johann von Maedler.[9] The astronomer John Herschel is also credited with coining the word, independent of Talbot, in 1839.[10]

The inventors Nicéphore Niépce, Talbot, and Louis Daguerre seem not to have known or used the word "photography", but referred to their processes as "Heliography" (Niépce), "Photogenic Drawing"/"Talbotype"/"Calotype" (Talbot), and "Daguerreotype" (Daguerre).[9]

History

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Precursor technologies

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A camera obscura used for drawing

Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, relating to seeing an image and capturing the image. The discovery of the camera obscura ("dark chamber" in Latin) that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China. Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid independently described a camera obscura in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE.[11][12] In the 6th century CE, Byzantine mathematician Anthemius of Tralles used a type of camera obscura in his experiments.[13]

The Arab physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1040) also invented a camera obscura as well as the first true pinhole camera.[12][14][15] The invention of the camera has been traced back to the work of Ibn al-Haytham.[16] While the effects of a single light passing through a pinhole had been described earlier,[16] Ibn al-Haytham gave the first correct analysis of the camera obscura,[17] including the first geometrical and quantitative descriptions of the phenomenon,[18] and was the first to use a screen in a dark room so that an image from one side of a hole in the surface could be projected onto a screen on the other side.[19] He also first understood the relationship between the focal point and the pinhole,[20] and performed early experiments with afterimages, laying the foundations for the invention of photography in the 19th century.[15]

Leonardo da Vinci mentions natural camerae obscurae that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley. A hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper. Renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art. It is a box with a small hole in one side, which allows specific light rays to enter, projecting an inverted image onto a viewing screen or paper.

The birth of photography was then concerned with inventing means to capture and keep the image produced by the camera obscura. Albertus Magnus (1193–1280) discovered silver nitrate,[21] and Georg Fabricius (1516–1571) discovered silver chloride,[22] and the techniques described in Ibn al-Haytham's Book of Optics are capable of producing primitive photographs using medieval materials.[citation needed]

Daniele Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1566.[23] Wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals (photochemical effect) in 1694.[24] Around 1717, Johann Heinrich Schulze used a light-sensitive slurry to capture images of cut-out letters on a bottle and on that basis many German sources and some international ones credit Schulze as the inventor of photography.[25][26] The fiction book Giphantie, published in 1760, by French author Tiphaigne de la Roche, described what can be interpreted as photography.[23]

In June 1802, British inventor Thomas Wedgwood made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance.[27] He used paper or white leather treated with silver nitrate. Although he succeeded in capturing the shadows of objects placed on the surface in direct sunlight, and even made shadow copies of paintings on glass, it was reported in 1802 that "the images formed by means of a camera obscura have been found too faint to produce, in any moderate time, an effect upon the nitrate of silver." The shadow images eventually darkened all over.[28]

Invention

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Earliest known surviving heliographic engraving, 1825, printed from a metal plate made by Nicéphore Niépce.[29] The plate was exposed under an ordinary engraving and copied it by photographic means. This was a step towards the first permanent photograph taken with a camera.
View from the Window at Le Gras, 1826, the earliest surviving camera photograph. Original plate (left) and colorized reoriented enhancement (right).
Carl August von Steinheil and Franz von Kobell's silver chloride photograph of Frauenkirche from the Old Academy, March 1837[30]

The first permanent photoetching was an image produced in 1822 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce, but it was destroyed in a later attempt to make prints from it.[29] Niépce was successful again in 1825. In 1826 he made the View from the Window at Le Gras, the earliest surviving photograph from nature (i.e., of the image of a real-world scene, as formed in a camera obscura by a lens).[31]

View of the Boulevard du Temple, a daguerreotype made by Louis Daguerre in 1838, is generally accepted as the earliest photograph to include people. It is a view of a busy street, but because the exposure lasted for several minutes the moving traffic left no trace. Only the two men near the bottom left corner, one of them apparently having his boots polished by the other, remained in one place long enough to be visible.

Because Niépce's camera photographs required an extremely long exposure (at least eight hours and probably several days), he sought to greatly improve his bitumen process or replace it with one that was more practical. In partnership with Louis Daguerre, he worked out post-exposure processing methods that produced visually superior results and replaced the bitumen with a more light-sensitive resin, but hours of exposure in the camera were still required. With an eye to eventual commercial exploitation, the partners opted for total secrecy.

Niépce died in 1833 and Daguerre then redirected the experiments toward the light-sensitive silver halides, which Niépce had abandoned many years earlier because of his inability to make the images he captured with them light-fast and permanent. Daguerre's efforts culminated in what would later be named the daguerreotype process. The essential elements—a silver-plated surface sensitized by iodine vapor, developed by mercury vapor, and "fixed" with hot saturated salt water—were in place in 1837. The required exposure time was measured in minutes instead of hours. Daguerre took the earliest confirmed photograph of a person in 1838 while capturing a view of a Paris street: unlike the other pedestrian and horse-drawn traffic on the busy boulevard, which appears deserted, one man having his boots polished stood sufficiently still throughout the several-minutes-long exposure to be visible. The existence of Daguerre's process was publicly announced, without details, on 7 January 1839. The news created an international sensation. France soon agreed to pay Daguerre a pension in exchange for the right to present his invention to the world as the gift of France, which occurred when complete working instructions were unveiled on 19 August 1839. In that same year, American photographer Robert Cornelius is credited with taking the earliest surviving photographic self-portrait.

A latticed window in Lacock Abbey, England, photographed by William Fox Talbot in 1835. Shown here in positive form, this may be the oldest extant photographic negative made in a camera.

In Brazil, Hercules Florence had apparently started working out a silver-salt-based paper process in 1832, later naming it Photographie.

Meanwhile, a British inventor, William Fox Talbot, had succeeded in making crude but reasonably light-fast silver images on paper as early as 1834[32] but had kept his work secret. After reading about Daguerre's invention in January 1839, Talbot published his hitherto secret method in a paper to the Royal Society[32] and set about improving on it. At first, like other pre-daguerreotype processes, Talbot's paper-based photography typically required hours-long exposures in the camera, but in 1840 he created the calotype process, which used the chemical development of a latent image to greatly reduce the exposure needed and compete with the daguerreotype. In both its original and calotype forms, Talbot's process, unlike Daguerre's, created a translucent negative which could be used to print multiple positive copies; this is the basis of most modern chemical photography up to the present day, as daguerreotypes could only be replicated by rephotographing them with a camera.[33] Talbot's famous tiny paper negative of the Oriel window in Lacock Abbey, one of a number of camera photographs he made in the summer of 1835, may be the oldest camera negative in existence.[34][35]

In March 1837,[30] Steinheil, along with Franz von Kobell, used silver chloride and a cardboard camera to make pictures in negative of the Frauenkirche and other buildings in Munich, then taking another picture of the negative to get a positive, the actual black and white reproduction of a view on the object. The pictures produced were round with a diameter of 4 cm, the method was later named the "Steinheil method".

In France, Hippolyte Bayard invented his own process for producing direct positive paper prints and claimed to have invented photography earlier than Daguerre or Talbot.[36]

British chemist John Herschel made many contributions to the new field. He invented the cyanotype process, later familiar as the "blueprint". He was the first to use the terms "photography", "negative" and "positive". He had discovered in 1819 that sodium thiosulphate was a solvent of silver halides, and in 1839 he informed Talbot (and, indirectly, Daguerre) that it could be used to "fix" silver-halide-based photographs and make them completely light-fast. He made the first glass negative in late 1839.

Wilson Chinn, a branded slave from Louisiana—per The New York Times, "one of the earliest and most dramatic examples of how the newborn medium of photography could change the course of history."[37]
Advertisement for Campbell's Photograph Gallery from The Macon City Directory, c. 1877

In the March 1851 issue of The Chemist, Frederick Scott Archer published his wet plate collodion process. It became the most widely used photographic medium until the gelatin dry plate, introduced in the 1870s, eventually replaced it. There are three subsets to the collodion process; the Ambrotype (a positive image on glass), the Ferrotype or Tintype (a positive image on metal) and the glass negative, which was used to make positive prints on albumen or salted paper.

Many advances in photographic glass plates and printing were made during the rest of the 19th century. In 1891, Gabriel Lippmann introduced a process for making natural-color photographs based on the optical phenomenon of the interference of light waves. His scientifically elegant and important but ultimately impractical invention earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1908.

Glass plates were the medium for most original camera photography from the late 1850s until the general introduction of flexible plastic films during the 1890s. Although the convenience of the film greatly popularized amateur photography, early films were somewhat more expensive and of markedly lower optical quality than their glass plate equivalents, and until the late 1910s they were not available in the large formats preferred by most professional photographers, so the new medium did not immediately or completely replace the old. Because of the superior dimensional stability of glass, the use of plates for some scientific applications, such as astrophotography, continued into the 1990s, and in the niche field of laser holography, it has persisted into the 21st century.

Film

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Undeveloped Arista black-and-white film, ISO 125/22°

Hurter and Driffield began pioneering work on the light sensitivity of photographic emulsions in 1876. Their work enabled the first quantitative measure of film speed to be devised.

The first flexible photographic roll film was marketed by George Eastman, founder of Kodak in 1885, but this original "film" was actually a coating on a paper base. As part of the processing, the image-bearing layer was stripped from the paper and transferred to a hardened gelatin support. The first transparent plastic roll film followed in 1889. It was made from highly flammable nitrocellulose known as nitrate film.

Although cellulose acetate or "safety film" had been introduced by Kodak in 1908,[38] at first it found only a few special applications as an alternative to the hazardous nitrate film, which had the advantages of being considerably tougher, slightly more transparent, and cheaper. The changeover was not completed for X-ray films until 1933, and although safety film was always used for 16 mm and 8 mm home movies, nitrate film remained standard for theatrical 35 mm motion pictures until it was finally discontinued in 1951.

Films remained the dominant form of photography until the early 21st century when advances in digital photography drew consumers to digital formats.[39] Although modern photography is dominated by digital users, film continues to be used by enthusiasts and professional photographers. The distinctive "look" of film based photographs compared to digital images is likely due to a combination of factors, including (1) differences in spectral and tonal sensitivity (S-shaped density-to-exposure (H&D curve) with film vs. linear response curve for digital CCD sensors),[40] (2) resolution, and (3) continuity of tone.[41]

Black-and-white

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A photographic darkroom with safelight

Originally, all photography was monochrome, or black-and-white. Even after color film was readily available, black-and-white photography continued to dominate for decades, due to its lower cost, chemical stability, and its "classic" photographic look. The tones and contrast between light and dark areas define black-and-white photography.[42] Monochromatic pictures are not necessarily composed of pure blacks, whites, and intermediate shades of gray but can involve shades of one particular hue depending on the process. The cyanotype process, for example, produces an image composed of blue tones. The albumen print process, publicly revealed in 1847, produces brownish tones.

Many photographers continue to produce some monochrome images, sometimes because of the established archival permanence of well-processed silver-halide-based materials. Some full-color digital images are processed using a variety of techniques to create black-and-white results, and some manufacturers produce digital cameras that exclusively shoot monochrome. Monochrome printing or electronic display can be used to salvage certain photographs taken in color which are unsatisfactory in their original form; sometimes when presented as black-and-white or single-color-toned images they are found to be more effective. Although color photography has long predominated, monochrome images are still produced, mostly for artistic reasons. Almost all digital cameras have an option to shoot in monochrome, and almost all image editing software can combine or selectively discard RGB color channels to produce a monochrome image from one shot in color.

Color

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The first color photograph made by the three-color method suggested by James Clerk Maxwell in 1855, taken in 1861 by Thomas Sutton. The subject is a colored, tartan patterned ribbon.

Color photography was explored beginning in the 1840s. Early experiments in color required extremely long exposures (hours or days for camera images) and could not "fix" the photograph to prevent the color from quickly fading when exposed to white light.

The first permanent color photograph was taken in 1861 using the three-color-separation principle first published by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1855.[43][44] The foundation of virtually all practical color processes, Maxwell's idea was to take three separate black-and-white photographs through red, green and blue filters.[43][44] This provides the photographer with the three basic channels required to recreate a color image. Transparent prints of the images could be projected through similar color filters and superimposed on the projection screen, an additive method of color reproduction. A color print on paper could be produced by superimposing carbon prints of the three images made in their complementary colors, a subtractive method of color reproduction pioneered by Louis Ducos du Hauron in the late 1860s.

Color photography was possible long before Kodachrome, as this 1903 portrait by Sarah Angelina Acland demonstrates, but in its earliest years, the need for special equipment, long exposures, and complicated printing processes made it extremely rare.

Russian photographer Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii made extensive use of this color separation technique, employing a special camera which successively exposed the three color-filtered images on different parts of an oblong plate. Because his exposures were not simultaneous, unsteady subjects exhibited color "fringes" or, if rapidly moving through the scene, appeared as brightly colored ghosts in the resulting projected or printed images.

Implementation of color photography was hindered by the limited sensitivity of early photographic materials, which were mostly sensitive to blue, only slightly sensitive to green, and virtually insensitive to red. The discovery of dye sensitization by photochemist Hermann Vogel in 1873 suddenly made it possible to add sensitivity to green, yellow and even red. Improved color sensitizers and ongoing improvements in the overall sensitivity of emulsions steadily reduced the once-prohibitive long exposure times required for color, bringing it ever closer to commercial viability.

Autochrome, the first commercially successful color process, was introduced by the Lumière brothers in 1907. Autochrome plates incorporated a mosaic color filter layer made of dyed grains of potato starch, which allowed the three color components to be recorded as adjacent microscopic image fragments. After an Autochrome plate was reversal processed to produce a positive transparency, the starch grains served to illuminate each fragment with the correct color and the tiny colored points blended together in the eye, synthesizing the color of the subject by the additive method. Autochrome plates were one of several varieties of additive color screen plates and films marketed between the 1890s and the 1950s.

Kodachrome, the first modern "integral tripack" (or "monopack") color film, was introduced by Kodak in 1935. It captured the three color components in a multi-layer emulsion. One layer was sensitized to record the red-dominated part of the spectrum, another layer recorded only the green part and a third recorded only the blue. Without special film processing, the result would simply be three superimposed black-and-white images, but complementary cyan, magenta, and yellow dye images were created in those layers by adding color couplers during a complex processing procedure.

Agfa's similarly structured Agfacolor Neu was introduced in 1936. Unlike Kodachrome, the color couplers in Agfacolor Neu were incorporated into the emulsion layers during manufacture, which greatly simplified the processing. Currently, available color films still employ a multi-layer emulsion and the same principles, most closely resembling Agfa's product.

Instant color film, used in a special camera which yielded a unique finished color print only a minute or two after the exposure, was introduced by Polaroid in 1963.

Color photography may form images as positive transparencies, which can be used in a slide projector, or as color negatives intended for use in creating positive color enlargements on specially coated paper. The latter is now the most common form of film (non-digital) color photography owing to the introduction of automated photo printing equipment. After a transition period centered around 1995–2005, color film was relegated to a niche market by inexpensive multi-megapixel digital cameras. Film continues to be the preference of some photographers because of its distinctive "look".

Digital

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Kodak DCS 100, based on a Nikon F3 body with Digital Storage Unit

In 1981, Sony unveiled the first consumer camera to use a charge-coupled device for imaging, eliminating the need for film: the Sony Mavica. While the Mavica saved images to disk, the images were displayed on television, and the camera was not fully digital.

The first digital camera to both record and save images in a digital format was the Fujix DS-1P created by Fujifilm in 1988.[45]

In 1991, Kodak unveiled the DCS 100, the first commercially available digital single-lens reflex camera. Although its high cost precluded uses other than photojournalism and professional photography, commercial digital photography was born.

Digital imaging uses an electronic image sensor to record the image as a set of electronic data rather than as chemical changes on film.[46] An important difference between digital and chemical photography is that chemical photography resists photo manipulation because it involves film and photographic paper, while digital imaging is a highly manipulative medium. This difference allows for a degree of image post-processing that is comparatively difficult in film-based photography and permits different communicative potentials and applications.

Photography on a smartphone

Digital photography dominates the 21st century. More than 99% of photographs taken around the world are through digital cameras, increasingly through smartphones.

Techniques

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Angles such as vertical, horizontal, or as pictured here diagonal are considered important photographic techniques.

A large variety of photographic techniques and media are used in the process of capturing images for photography. These include the camera; dualphotography; full-spectrum, ultraviolet and infrared media; light field photography; and other imaging techniques.

Cameras

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The camera is the image-forming device, and a photographic plate, photographic film or a silicon electronic image sensor is the capture medium. The respective recording medium can be the plate or film itself, or a digital magnetic or electronic memory.[47]

Photographers control the camera and lens to "expose" the light recording material to the required amount of light to form a "latent image" (on plate or film) or RAW file (in digital cameras) which, after appropriate processing, is converted to a usable image. Digital cameras use an electronic image sensor based on light-sensitive electronics such as charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The resulting digital image is stored electronically, but can be reproduced on a paper.

The camera (or 'camera obscura') is a dark room or chamber from which, as far as possible, all light is excluded except the light that forms the image. It was discovered and used in the 16th century by painters. The subject being photographed, however, must be illuminated. Cameras can range from small to very large, a whole room that is kept dark while the object to be photographed is in another room where it is properly illuminated. This was common for reproduction photography of flat copy when large film negatives were used (see Process camera).

As soon as photographic materials became "fast" (sensitive) enough for taking candid or surreptitious pictures, small "detective" cameras were made, some actually disguised as a book or handbag or pocket watch (the Ticka camera) or even worn hidden behind an Ascot necktie with a tie pin that was really the lens.

The movie camera is a type of photographic camera that takes a rapid sequence of photographs on recording medium. In contrast to a still camera, which captures a single snapshot at a time, the movie camera takes a series of images, each called a "frame". This is accomplished through an intermittent mechanism. The frames are later played back in a movie projector at a specific speed, called the "frame rate" (number of frames per second). While viewing, a person's eyes and brain merge the separate pictures to create the illusion of motion.[48]

Stereoscopic

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Photographs, both monochrome and color, can be captured and displayed through two side-by-side images that emulate human stereoscopic vision. Stereoscopic photography was the first that captured figures in motion.[49] While known colloquially as "3-D" photography, the more accurate term is stereoscopy. Such cameras have long been realized by using film and more recently in digital electronic methods (including cell phone cameras).

Dualphotography

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An example of a dualphoto using a smartphone based app

Dualphotography consists of photographing a scene from both sides of a photographic device at once (e.g. camera for back-to-back dualphotography, or two networked cameras for portal-plane dualphotography). The dualphoto apparatus can be used to simultaneously capture both the subject and the photographer, or both sides of a geographical place at once, thus adding a supplementary narrative layer to that of a single image.[50]

Full-spectrum, ultraviolet and infrared

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This image of the rings of Saturn is an example of the application of ultraviolet photography in astronomy.

Ultraviolet and infrared films have been available for many decades and employed in a variety of photographic avenues since the 1960s. New technological trends in digital photography have opened a new direction in full spectrum photography, where careful filtering choices across the ultraviolet, visible and infrared lead to new artistic visions.

Modified digital cameras can detect some ultraviolet, all of the visible and much of the near infrared spectrum, as most digital imaging sensors are sensitive from about 350 nm to 1000 nm. An off-the-shelf digital camera contains an infrared hot mirror filter that blocks most of the infrared and a bit of the ultraviolet that would otherwise be detected by the sensor, narrowing the accepted range from about 400 nm to 700 nm.[51]

Replacing a hot mirror or infrared blocking filter with an infrared pass or a wide spectrally transmitting filter allows the camera to detect the wider spectrum light at greater sensitivity. Without the hot-mirror, the red, green and blue (or cyan, yellow and magenta) colored micro-filters placed over the sensor elements pass varying amounts of ultraviolet (blue window) and infrared (primarily red and somewhat lesser the green and blue micro-filters).

Uses of full spectrum photography are for fine art photography, geology, forensics and law enforcement.

Layering

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Layering is a photographic composition technique that manipulates the foreground, subject or middle-ground, and background layers in a way that they all work together to tell a story through the image.[52] Layers may be incorporated by altering the focal length, distorting the perspective by positioning the camera in a certain spot.[53] People, movement, light and a variety of objects can be used in layering.[54]

Light field

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Digital methods of image capture and display processing have enabled the new technology of "light field photography" (also known as synthetic aperture photography). This process allows focusing at various depths of field to be selected after the photograph has been captured.[55] As explained by Michael Faraday in 1846, the "light field" is understood as 5-dimensional, with each point in 3-D space having attributes of two more angles that define the direction of each ray passing through that point.

These additional vector attributes can be captured optically through the use of microlenses at each pixel point within the 2-dimensional image sensor. Every pixel of the final image is actually a selection from each sub-array located under each microlens, as identified by a post-image capture focus algorithm.

Devices other than cameras can be used to record images. Trichome of Arabidopsis thaliana seen via scanning electron microscope. Note that image has been edited by adding colors to clarify structure or to add an aesthetic effect. Heiti Paves from Tallinn University of Technology.

Other

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Besides the camera, other methods of forming images with light are available. For instance, a photocopy or xerography machine forms permanent images but uses the transfer of static electrical charges rather than photographic medium, hence the term electrophotography. Photograms are images produced by the shadows of objects cast on the photographic paper, without the use of a camera. Objects can also be placed directly on the glass of an image scanner to produce digital pictures.

Types

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Amateur

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Amateur photographers take photos for personal use, as a hobby or out of casual interest, rather than as a business or job. The quality of amateur work can be comparable to that of many professionals. Amateurs can fill a gap in subjects or topics that might not otherwise be photographed if they are not commercially useful or salable. Amateur photography grew during the late 19th century due to the popularization of the hand-held camera.[56] Twenty-first century social media and near-ubiquitous camera phones have made photographic and video recording pervasive in everyday life. In the mid-2010s smartphone cameras added numerous automatic assistance features like color management, autofocus face detection and image stabilization that significantly decreased skill and effort needed to take high quality images.[57]

Commercial

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Commercial photography is probably best defined as any photography for which the photographer is paid for images rather than works of art. In this light, money could be paid for the subject of the photograph or the photograph itself. The commercial photographic world could include:

  • Advertising photography: There are photographs made to illustrate and usually sell a service or product. These images, such as packshots, are generally done with an advertising agency, design firm or with an in-house corporate design team.
  • Architectural photography focuses on capturing photographs of buildings and architectural structures that are aesthetically pleasing and accurate in terms of representations of their subjects.
  • Event photography focuses on photographing guests and occurrences at mostly social events.
  • Fashion and glamour photography usually incorporates models and is a form of advertising photography. Fashion photography, like the work featured in Harper's Bazaar, emphasizes clothes and other products; glamour emphasizes the model and body form while glamour photography is popular in advertising and men's magazines. Models in glamour photography sometimes work nude.
  • 360 product photography displays a series of photos to give the impression of a rotating object. This technique is commonly used by ecommerce websites to help shoppers visualise products.
  • Concert photography focuses on capturing candid images of both the artist or band as well as the atmosphere (including the crowd). Many of these photographers work freelance and are contracted through an artist or their management to cover a specific show. Concert photographs are often used to promote the artist or band in addition to the venue.
  • Crime scene photography consists of photographing scenes of crime such as robberies and murders. A black and white camera or an infrared camera may be used to capture specific details.
  • Still life photography usually depicts inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which may be either natural or man-made. Still life is a broader category for food and some natural photography and can be used for advertising purposes.
  • Real estate photography focuses on the production of photographs showcasing a property that is for sale, such photographs requires the use of wide-lens and extensive knowledge in high-dynamic-range imaging photography.
Example of a studio-made food photograph
  • Food photography can be used for editorial, packaging or advertising use. Food photography is similar to still life photography but requires some special skills.
  • Photojournalism can be considered a subset of editorial photography. Photographs made in this context are accepted as a documentation of a news story.
  • Paparazzi is a form of photojournalism in which the photographer captures candid images of athletes, celebrities, politicians, and other prominent people.
  • Portrait and wedding photography: Are photographs made and sold directly to the end user of the images.
  • Landscape photography typically captures the presence of nature but can also focus on human-made features or disturbances of landscapes.
  • Wildlife photography demonstrates the life of wild animals.

Art

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Classic Alfred Stieglitz photograph, The Steerage (1907) shows unique aesthetic of black-and-white photos.

During the 20th century, both fine art photography and documentary photography became accepted by the English-speaking art world and the gallery system. In the United States, a handful of photographers, including Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, John Szarkowski, F. Holland Day, and Edward Weston, spent their lives advocating for photography as a fine art. At first, fine art photographers tried to imitate painting styles. This movement is called Pictorialism, often using soft focus for a dreamy, 'romantic' look. In reaction to that, Weston, Ansel Adams, and others formed the Group f/64 to advocate 'straight photography', the photograph as a (sharply focused) thing in itself and not an imitation of something else.

The aesthetics of photography is a matter that continues to be discussed regularly, especially in artistic circles. Many artists argued that photography was the mechanical reproduction of an image. If photography is authentically art, then photography in the context of art would need redefinition, such as determining what component of a photograph makes it beautiful to the viewer. The controversy began with the earliest images "written with light"; Nicéphore Niépce, Louis Daguerre, and others among the very earliest photographers were met with acclaim, but some questioned if their work met the definitions and purposes of art.

Clive Bell in his classic essay Art states that only "significant form" can distinguish art from what is not art.

There must be some one quality without which a work of art cannot exist; possessing which, in the least degree, no work is altogether worthless. What is this quality? What quality is shared by all objects that provoke our aesthetic emotions? What quality is common to Sta. Sophia and the windows at Chartres, Mexican sculpture, a Persian bowl, Chinese carpets, Giotto's frescoes at Padua, and the masterpieces of Poussin, Piero della Francesca, and Cezanne? Only one answer seems possible – significant form. In each, lines and colors combined in a particular way, certain forms and relations of forms, stir our aesthetic emotions.[58]

On 7 February 2007, Sotheby's London sold the 2001 photograph 99 Cent II Diptychon for an unprecedented $3,346,456 to an anonymous bidder, making it the most expensive at the time.[59]

Conceptual photography turns a concept or idea into a photograph. Even though what is depicted in the photographs are real objects, the subject is strictly abstract.

Josef H. Neumann: Gustav I (1976)

In parallel to this development, the then largely separate interface between painting and photography was closed in the second half of the 20th century with the chemigram of Pierre Cordier and the chemogram of Josef H. Neumann.[60] In 1974 the chemograms by Josef H. Neumann concluded the separation of the painterly background and the photographic layer by showing the picture elements in a symbiosis that had never existed before, as an unmistakable unique specimen, in a simultaneous painterly and at the same time real photographic perspective, using lenses, within a photographic layer, united in colors and shapes. This Neumann chemogram from the 1970s thus differs from the beginning of the previously created cameraless chemigrams of a Pierre Cordier and the photogram Man Ray or László Moholy-Nagy of the previous decades. These works of art were almost simultaneous with the invention of photography by various important artists who characterized Hippolyte Bayard, Thomas Wedgwood, William Henry Fox Talbot in their early stages, and later Man Ray and László Moholy-Nagy in the twenties and by the painter in the thirties Edmund Kesting and Christian Schad by draping objects directly onto appropriately sensitized photo paper and using a light source without a camera. [61]

Photojournalism

[edit]
National Guardsman in Washington D.C. in 2021

Photojournalism is a particular form of photography (the collecting, editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast) that employs images in order to tell a news story. It is now usually understood to refer only to still images, but in some cases the term also refers to video used in broadcast journalism. Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography (e.g., documentary photography, social documentary photography, street photography or celebrity photography) by complying with a rigid ethical framework which demands that the work be both honest and impartial whilst telling the story in strictly journalistic terms. Photojournalists create pictures that contribute to the news media, and help communities connect with one other. Photojournalists must be well informed and knowledgeable about events happening right outside their door. They deliver news in a creative format that is not only informative, but also entertaining, including sports photography.

Science and forensics

[edit]
Wootton bridge collapse in 1861

The camera has a long and distinguished history as a means of recording scientific phenomena from the first use by Daguerre and Fox-Talbot, such as astronomical events (eclipses for example), small creatures and plants when the camera was attached to the eyepiece of microscopes (in photomicroscopy) and for macro photography of larger specimens. The camera also proved useful in recording crime scenes and the scenes of accidents, such as the Wootton bridge collapse in 1861. The methods used in analysing photographs for use in legal cases are collectively known as forensic photography. Crime scene photos are usually taken from three vantage points: overview, mid-range, and close-up.[62]

In 1845 Francis Ronalds, the Honorary Director of the Kew Observatory, invented the first successful camera to make continuous recordings of meteorological and geomagnetic parameters. Different machines produced 12- or 24- hour photographic traces of the minute-by-minute variations of atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, atmospheric electricity, and the three components of geomagnetic forces. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use until well into the 20th century.[63][64] Charles Brooke a little later developed similar instruments for the Greenwich Observatory.[65]

Science regularly uses image technology that has derived from the design of the pinhole camera to avoid distortions that can be caused by lenses. X-ray machines are similar in design to pinhole cameras, with high-grade filters and laser radiation.[66] Photography has become universal in recording events and data in science and engineering, and at crime scenes or accident scenes. The method has been much extended by using other wavelengths, such as infrared photography and ultraviolet photography, as well as spectroscopy. Those methods were first used in the Victorian era and improved much further since that time.[67]

The first photographed atom was discovered in 2012 by physicists at Griffith University, Australia. They used an electric field to trap an "Ion" of the element, Ytterbium. The image was recorded on a CCD, an electronic photographic film.[68]

Wildlife photography

[edit]
Mute swans and their cygnets photographed on Wolvercote lakes

Wildlife photography involves capturing images of various forms of wildlife. Unlike other forms of photography such as product or food photography, successful wildlife photography requires a photographer to choose the right place and right time when specific wildlife are present and active. It often requires great patience and considerable skill and command of the right photographic equipment.[69]

Social and cultural implications

[edit]
Photography may be used both to capture reality and to produce a work of art. While photo manipulation was often frowned upon at first, it was eventually used to great extent to produce artistic effects. Nude composition 19 from 1988 by Jaan Künnap.
The Musée de l'Élysée, founded in 1985 in Lausanne, was the first photography museum in Europe.

There are many ongoing questions about different aspects of photography. In her On Photography (1977), Susan Sontag dismisses the objectivity of photography. This is a highly debated subject within the photographic community.[70] Sontag argues, "To photograph is to appropriate the thing photographed. It means putting one's self into a certain relation to the world that feels like knowledge, and therefore like power."[71] Photographers decide what to take a photo of, what elements to exclude and what angle to frame the photo, and these factors may reflect a particular socio-historical context. Along these lines, it can be argued that photography is a subjective form of representation.

Modern photography has raised a number of concerns on its effect on society. In Alfred Hitchcock's Rear Window (1954), the camera is presented as promoting voyeurism. 'Although the camera is an observation station, the act of photographing is more than passive observing'.[71]

The camera doesn't rape or even possess, though it may presume, intrude, trespass, distort, exploit, and, at the farthest reach of metaphor, assassinate – all activities that, unlike the sexual push and shove, can be conducted from a distance, and with some detachment.[71]

Digital imaging has raised ethical concerns because of the ease of manipulating digital photographs in post-processing. Many photojournalists have declared they will not crop their pictures or are forbidden from combining elements of multiple photos to make "photomontages", passing them as "real" photographs. Today's technology has made image editing relatively simple for even the novice photographer. However, recent changes of in-camera processing allow digital fingerprinting of photos to detect tampering for purposes of forensic photography.

Photography is one of the new media forms that changes perception and changes the structure of society.[72] Further unease has been caused around cameras in regards to desensitization. Fears that disturbing or explicit images are widely accessible to children and society at large have been raised. Particularly, photos of war and pornography are causing a stir. Sontag is concerned that "to photograph is to turn people into objects that can be symbolically possessed". Desensitization discussion goes hand in hand with debates about censored images. Sontag writes of her concern that the ability to censor pictures means the photographer has the ability to construct reality.[71]

One of the practices through which photography constitutes society is tourism. Tourism and photography combine to create a "tourist gaze"[73] in which local inhabitants are positioned and defined by the camera lens. However, it has also been argued that there exists a "reverse gaze"[74] through which indigenous photographees can position the tourist photographer as a shallow consumer of images.

Law

[edit]

Photography is both restricted and protected by the law in many jurisdictions. Protection of photographs is typically achieved through the granting of copyright or moral rights to the photographer. In the United States, photography is protected as a First Amendment right and anyone is free to photograph anything seen in public spaces as long as it is in plain view.[75] In the UK, a recent law (Counter-Terrorism Act 2008) increases the power of the police to prevent people, even press photographers, from taking pictures in public places.[76] In South Africa, any person may photograph any other person, without their permission, in public spaces and the only specific restriction placed on what may not be photographed by government is related to anything classed as national security. Each country has different laws.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Spencer, D A (1973). The Focal Dictionary of Photographic Technologies. Focal Press. p. 454. ISBN 978-0-13-322719-2.
  2. ^ φάος Archived 25 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  3. ^ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, γρα^φ-ή". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  4. ^ Harper, Douglas. "photograph". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  5. ^ Boris Kossoy (2004). Hercule Florence: El descubrimiento de la fotografía en Brasil. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. ISBN 978-968-03-0020-4. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  6. ^ Kossoy, Boris (1980). Hercule Florence: a descoberta isolada da fotografia no Brasil. São Paulo: Duas Cidades. ISBN 9788531409448.
  7. ^ "Who First Used the Word Photography?". Photophys. 28 March 2015. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  8. ^ Mathur, P.; Mathur, K.; Mathur, S. (6 March 2014). Developments and Changes in Science Based Technologies. Partridge Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 9781482813982. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  9. ^ a b Eder, J.M. (1945) [1932]. History of Photography, 4th. edition [Geschichte der Photographie]. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 258–59. ISBN 978-0-486-23586-8.
  10. ^ "Sir John Frederick William Herschel (British, 1792–1871) (Getty Museum)". The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  11. ^ Campbell, Jan (2005) Film and cinema spectatorship: melodrama and mimesis Archived 29 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Polity. p. 114. ISBN 0-7456-2930-X
  12. ^ a b Krebs, Robert E. (2004). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-313-32433-8.
  13. ^ Crombie, Alistair Cameron (1990) Science, optics, and music in medieval and early modern thought. A&C Black. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-907628-79-8
  14. ^ Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001). "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective". Perception. 30 (10): 1157–77. doi:10.1068/p3210. ISSN 0301-0066. PMID 11721819. S2CID 8185797.
  15. ^ a b Plott, John C. (1984). Global History of Philosophy: The Period of scholasticism (part one). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 460. ISBN 978-0-89581-678-8. According to Nazir Ahmed if only Ibn-Haitham's fellow-workers and students had been as alert as he, they might even have invented the art of photography since al-Haitham's experiments with convex and concave mirrors and his invention of the "pinhole camera" whereby the inverted image of a candle-flame is projected were among his many successes in experimentation. One might likewise almost claim that he had anticipated much that the nineteenth century Fechner did in experimentation with after-images.
  16. ^ a b Belbachir, Ahmed Nabil (2009). Smart Cameras. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-0953-4. The invention of the camera can be traced back to the 10th century when the Arab scientist Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham alias Alhacen provided the first clear description and correct analysis of the (human) vision process. Although the effects of single light passing through the pinhole have already been described by the Chinese Mozi (Lat. Micius) (5th century B), the Greek Aristotle (4th century BC), and the Arab
  17. ^ Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective", Perception, 30 (10): 1157–1177, doi:10.1068/p3210, PMID 11721819, S2CID 8185797, The principles of the camera obscura first began to be correctly analysed in the eleventh century, when they were outlined by Ibn al-Haytham.
  18. ^ Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilization in China, vol. IV, part 1: Physics and Physical Technology (PDF). p. 98. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2016. Alhazen used the camera obscura particularly for observing solar eclipses, as indeed Aristotle is said to have done, and it seems that, like Shen Kua, he had predecessors in its study, since he did not claim it as any new finding of his own. But his treatment of it was competently geometrical and quantitative for the first time.
  19. ^ "Who Invented Camera Obscura?". Photography History Facts. All these scientists experimented with a small hole and light but none of them suggested that a screen is used so an image from one side of a hole in surface could be projected at the screen on the other. First one to do so was Alhazen (also known as Ibn al-Haytham) in 11th century.
  20. ^ Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilization in China, vol. IV, part 1: Physics and Physical Technology (PDF). p. 99. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2016. The genius of Shen Kua's insight into the relation of focal point and pinhole can better be appreciated when we read in Singer that this was first understood in Europe by Leonardo da Vinci (+ 1452 to + 1519), almost five hundred years later. A diagram showing the relation occurs in the Codice Atlantico, Leonardo thought that the lens of the eye reversed the pinhole effect, so that the image did not appear inverted on the retina; though in fact it does. Actually, the analogy of focal-point and pin-point must have been understood by Ibn al-Haitham, who died just about the time when Shen Kua was born.
  21. ^ Davidson, Michael W (13 November 2015). "Albertus Magnus". Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at The Florida State University. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015.
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  25. ^ Susan Watt (2003). Silver. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 21–. ISBN 978-0-7614-1464-3. Retrieved 28 July 2013. ... But the first person to use this property to produce a photographic image was German physicist Johann Heinrich Schulze. In 1727, Schulze made a paste of silver nitrate and chalk, placed the mixture in a glass bottle, and wrapped the bottle in ...
  26. ^ Litchfield, Richard Buckley (1903). Tom Wedgwood, the First Photographer, etc., London, Duckworth and Co. Out of copyright and available free at archive.org. In Appendix A (pp. 217–227), Litchfield evaluates assertions that Schulze's experiments should be called photography and includes a complete English translation (from the original Latin) of Schulze's 1719 account of them as reprinted in 1727.
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  28. ^ Litchfield, R. 1903. "Tom Wedgwood, the First Photographer: An Account of His Life." London, Duckworth and Co. See Chapter XIII. Includes the complete text of Humphry Davy's 1802 paper, which is the only known contemporary record of Wedgwood's experiments. (Retrieved 7 May 2013 via archive.org Archived 7 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine).
  29. ^ a b "The First Photograph – Heliography". Archived from the original on 6 October 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2009. from Helmut Gernsheim's article, "The 150th Anniversary of Photography," in History of Photography, Vol. I, No. 1, January 1977: ...In 1822, Niépce coated a glass plate... The sunlight passing through... This first permanent example... was destroyed... some years later.
  30. ^ a b "1837: Die Erfindung der Fotografie in München". www.deutsches-museum.de. 28 May 2024.
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  32. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Photography" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 487.
  33. ^ William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877) Archived 3 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. BBC
  34. ^ Feldman, Anthony and Ford, Peter (1989) Scientists & inventors. Bloomsbury Books, p. 128, ISBN 1-870630-23-8.
  35. ^ Fox Talbot, William Henry and Jammes, André (1973) William H. Fox Talbot, inventor of the negative-positive process, Macmillan, p. 95.
  36. ^ "Hippolyte Bayard (French, 1801–1887) (Getty Museum)". Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  37. ^ Paulson Gage, Joan (5 August 2013). "Icons of Cruelty". The New York Times.
  38. ^ History of Kodak, Milestones-chronology: 1878–1929 Archived 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. kodak.com
  39. ^ Peres, Michael R. (2008). The Concise Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: from the first photo on paper to the digital revolution. Burlington, MA: Focal Press/Elsevier. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-240-80998-4.
  40. ^ "H&D curve of film vs digital" (Forum Discussion). Digital Photography Review. 19 April 2004. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015.
  41. ^ Jacobson, Ralph E. (2000). The Focal Manual of Photography: photographic and digital imaging (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-51574-8.
  42. ^ "Black & White Photography". PSA Journal. 77 (12): 38–40. 2011.
  43. ^ a b "1861: James Clerk Maxwell's greatest year". King's College London. 3 January 2017. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  44. ^ a b "From Charles Mackintosh's waterproof to Dolly the sheep: 43 innovations Scotland has given the world". The independent. 2 January 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  45. ^ "Research & Development". fujifilm.com. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  46. ^ Schewe, Jeff (2012). The Digital Negative: Raw Image Processing In Lightroom, Camera Raw, and Photoshop. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press, ISBN 0-321-83957-9, p. 72
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  48. ^ Anderson, Joseph; Anderson, Barbara (Spring 1993). "The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited". Journal of Film and Video. 45 (1): 3–12. Archived from the original on 24 November 2009.
  49. ^ Belisle, Brooke (2013). "The Dimensional Image: Overlaps In Stereoscopic, Cinematic, And Digital Depth". Film Criticism. 37/38 (3/1): 117–37.
  50. ^ Zand, Tristan (8 April 2017). "An introduction to Dualphotography". Dual.Photo. Medium.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  51. ^ Twede, David. Introduction to Full-Spectrum and Infrared photography. surrealcolor.110mb.com
  52. ^ Lackey, Tamara (12 May 2016). "Incorporating Layering Composition Into Your Photography". 42 West. Archived from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  53. ^ Goldby, Dylan (20 January 2019). "Using layers to enhance your photography". Fujilove Magazine. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
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  55. ^ Ng, Ren (July 2006) Digital Light Field Photography. PhD Thesis, Stanford University
  56. ^ Peterson, C.A. (2011). "Home Portraiture". History of Photography. 35 (4): 374–87. doi:10.1080/03087298.2011.606727. S2CID 216590139.
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  58. ^ Clive Bell. "Art Archived 3 August 2004 at the Wayback Machine", 1914. Retrieved 2 September 2006.
  59. ^ Schonauer, David (7 March 2007). "The first $3M photograph". PopPhoto. Archived from the original on 18 March 2007.
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  61. ^ Hannes Schmidt: Comments on the chemograms by Josef H. Neumann. Exhibition in the "Fotografik Studio Galerie von Prof. Pan Walther". in: Photo-Presse. Heft 22, 1976, S. 6.
  62. ^ Rohde, R.R. (2000). Crime Photography. PSA Journal, 66(3), 15.
  63. ^ Ronalds, B.F. (2016). Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph. London: Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-78326-917-4.
  64. ^ Ronalds, B.F. (2016). "The Beginnings of Continuous Scientific Recording using Photography: Sir Francis Ronalds' Contribution". European Society for the History of Photography. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  65. ^ Brooke (1853). "Photographic self-registering magnetic and meteorological apparatus: Invented by Mr. Brooke of Keppel-Street, London". The Illustrated Magazine of Art. 1 (5): 308–11. doi:10.2307/20537989. JSTOR 20537989. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  66. ^ Upadhyay, J.; Chakera, J.A.; Navathe, C.P.; Naik, P.A.; Joshi, A.S.; Gupta, P.D. (2006). "Development of single frame X-ray framing camera for pulsed plasma experiments". Sādhanā. 31 (5): 613. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.570.172. doi:10.1007/BF02715917. S2CID 123558773.
  67. ^ Blitzer, Herbert L.; Stein-Ferguson, Karen; Huang, Jeffrey (2008). Understanding forensic digital imaging. Academic Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-0-12-370451-1. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
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  71. ^ a b c d Sontag, S. (1977) On Photography, Penguin, London, pp. 3–24, ISBN 0-312-42009-9.
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  73. ^ Urry, John (2002). The tourist gaze (2nd ed.). London: Sage. ISBN 978-0-7619-7347-8.
  74. ^ Gillespie, Alex. "Tourist Photography and the Reverse Gaze".
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Further reading

[edit]

Introduction

[edit]
  • Barrett, T 2012, Criticizing Photographs: an introduction to understanding images, 5th edn, McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Bate, D. (2009), Photography: The Key Concepts, Bloomsbury, New York.
  • Berger, J. (Dyer, G. ed.), (2013), Understanding a Photograph, Penguin Classics, London.
  • Bright, S 2011, Art Photography Now, Thames & Hudson, London.
  • Cotton, C. (2015), The Photograph as Contemporary Art, 3rd edn, Thames & Hudson, New York.
  • Heiferman, M. (2013), Photography Changes Everything, Aperture Foundation, US.
  • Shore, S. (2015), The Nature of Photographs, 2nd ed. Phaidon, New York.
  • Wells, L. (2004), Photography. A Critical Introduction [Paperback], 3rd ed. Routledge, London. ISBN 0-415-30704-X

History

[edit]
  • A New History of Photography, ed. by Michel Frizot, Köln : Könemann, 1998
  • Franz-Xaver Schlegel, Das Leben der toten Dinge – Studien zur modernen Sachfotografie in den USA 1914–1935, 2 Bände, Stuttgart/Germany: Art in Life 1999, ISBN 3-00-004407-8.

Reference works

[edit]

Other books

[edit]
[edit]

 

2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships photographer stand.

A photographer (the Greek φῶς (phos), meaning "light", and γραφÃÆââ‚ÂÂÃâ€ÅÃÆâ€™ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚¡ÃƒÆ’ƒÆ’‚¬ÃƒÆ’ƒÂ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚¢ÃƒÆ’ƒâ€¦Ã‚½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚® (graphê), meaning "drawing, writing", together meaning "drawing with light")[1] is a person who uses a camera to make photographs.

Duties and types of photographers

[edit]
A photographer with his daguerrotypes, 1845
An English photographer in his studio, in the 1850s.

As in other arts, the definitions of amateur and professional are not entirely categorical.

Epifania de Guadalupe Vallejo, the earliest known photographer active in what is the present-day West Coast of the United States.[2]

An amateur photographer takes snapshots for pleasure to remember events, places or friends with no intention of selling the images to others.

A professional photographer is likely to take photographs for a session and image purchase fee, by salary or through the display, resale or use of those photographs.[3]

A professional photographer may be an employee, for example of a newspaper, or may contract to cover a particular planned event such as a wedding or graduation, or to illustrate an advertisement. Others, like fine art photographers, are freelancers, first making an image and then licensing or making printed copies of it for sale or display. Some workers, such as crime scene photographers, estate agents, journalists and scientists, make photographs as part of other work. Photographers who produce moving rather than still pictures are often called cinematographers, videographers or camera operators, depending on the commercial context.

The term professional may also imply preparation, for example, by academic study or apprenticeship by the photographer in pursuit of photographic skills. A hallmark of a professional is often that they invest in continuing education through associations. While there is no compulsory registration requirement for professional photographer status, operating a business requires having a business license in most cities and counties. Similarly, having commercial insurance is required by most venues if photographing a wedding or a public event. Photographers who operate a legitimate business can provide these items.

Photographers can be categorized based on the subjects they photograph.

Some photographers explore subjects typical of paintings such as landscape, still life, and portraiture. Other photographers specialize in subjects unique to photography, including sports photography, street photography, documentary photography, fashion photography, wedding photography, war photography, photojournalism, aviation photography and commercial photography. The type of work commissioned will have pricing associated with the image's usage.

Photographers

[edit]

Selling photographs

[edit]
A U.S. Navy photographer in March 2004.

The exclusive right of photographers to copy and use their products is protected by copyright. Countless industries purchase photographs for use in publications and on products. The photographs seen on magazine covers, in television advertising, on greeting cards or calendars, on websites, or on products and packages, have generally been purchased for this use, either directly from the photographer or through an agency that represents the photographer. A photographer uses a contract to sell the "license" or use of their photograph with exact controls regarding how often the photograph will be used, in what territory it will be used (for example U.S. or U.K. or other), and exactly for which products. This is usually referred to as usage fee and is used to distinguish from production fees (payment for the actual creation of a photograph or photographs). An additional contract and royalty would apply for each additional use of the photograph.

The contract may be for only one year, or other duration. The photographer usually charges a royalty as well as a one-time fee, depending on the terms of the contract. The contract may be for non-exclusive use of the photograph (meaning the photographer can sell the same photograph for more than one use during the same year) or for exclusive use of the photograph (i.e. only that company may use the photograph during the term). The contract can also stipulate that the photographer is entitled to audit the company for determination of royalty payments. Royalties vary depending on the industry buying the photograph and the use, for example, royalties for a photograph used on a poster or in television advertising may be higher than for use on a limited run of brochures. A royalty is also often based on the size at which the photo will be used in a magazine or book, and cover photos usually command higher fees than photos used elsewhere in a book or magazine.

Photos taken by a photographer while working on assignment are often work for hire belonging to the company or publication unless stipulated otherwise by contract. Professional portrait and wedding photographers often stipulate by contract that they retain the copyright of their photos, so that only they can sell further prints of the photographs to the consumer, rather than the customer reproducing the photos by other means. If the customer wishes to be able to reproduce the photos themselves, they may discuss an alternative contract with the photographer in advance before the pictures are taken, in which a larger upfront fee may be paid in exchange for reprint rights passing to the customer.

There are major companies who have maintained catalogues of stock photography and images for decades, such as Getty Images and others. Since the turn of the 21st century many online stock photography catalogues have appeared that invite photographers to sell their photos online easily and quickly, but often for very little money, without a royalty, and without control over the use of the photo, the market it will be used in, the products it will be used on, time duration, etc. These online stock photography catalogues have drastically changed the landscape of the industry, presenting both opportunities and challenges for photographers seeking to earn a living through their craft.

 

Commercial photographers may also promote their work to advertising and editorial art buyers via printed and online marketing vehicles.

Photo sharing

[edit]

Many people upload their photographs to social networking websites and other websites, in order to share them with a particular group or with the general public.[4] Those interested in legal precision may explicitly release them to the public domain or under a free content license. Some sites, including Wikimedia Commons, are punctilious about licenses and only accept pictures with clear information about permitted use.

See also

[edit]

References

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  1. ^ Harper, Douglas. "photography (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  2. ^ Palmquist, Peter E.; Kailbourn, Thomas R. (2000). Pioneer Photographers of the Far West: A Biographical Dictionary, 1840–1865. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3883-5.
  3. ^ Scott, Grant (22 May 2015). The Essential Student Guide to Professional Photography. CRC Press. p. 37. ISBN 9781317618140.
  4. ^ Mooney, Carla (12 June 2009). Online Social Networking. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. p. 21. ISBN 9781420501933.
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Reviews for


Katie Barbour

(5)

Leah did an amazing job taking my daughter’s Senior pictures. We had some ideas we shared with her prior to the session and Leah had locations picked for us and suggestions of where to buy items for our pictures. She was quick and efficient with our time. I would highly recommend L. Severson Portraits.

Rebekah Jensen

(5)

I had a great experience with Leah Severson Photography! Her communication about our plan was clear, her prices were competitive, and she immediately helped me feel comfortable on photo day. She was clearly experienced and guided me through flattering poses that made the whole experience feel easy. She went above and beyond in the editing process to help me meet a deadline and remedy a miscommunication about my favorite photos. I would choose her again for my or my family's photography wishes!

Lauren Pupko

(5)

My husband and I had the most wonderful experience working with Leah in her studio for our maternity photo shoot. From the very start, she was incredibly kind and made us feel completely at ease. Her professionalism truly stood out - she went above and beyond and even discussed outfits/dress colors with me on the phone prior to the shoot. The photos are stunning and we will cherish them for years to come. Thank you, Leah!

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Frequently Asked Questions


Photography equipment can be expensive, especially for professional-grade cameras, lenses, and lighting equipment. Photographers must also pay for studio space, website hosting, and other expenses to run their business. These costs factor into the rates that photographers charge for their services. Apr 1, 2023

Photographers create visual images for an exceptional range of creative, technical and documentary purposes. As a professional photographer, you'll usually work to a brief set by the client or employer.

The saying "a picture is worth a thousand words" is true for a reason. You might learn something new about yourself after having a professional photo shoot and analyzing the results. There is a chance that you may get to know each other better if you shoot an event with friends and family. Jan 4, 2023