Why Las Vegas Homeowners are Falling for Synthetic Grass

Why Las Vegas Homeowners are Falling for Synthetic Grass

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Decreased Upkeep with Synthetic Grass


Synthetic grass has actually been obtaining popularity among house owners in Las Vegas for its various advantages.

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One of one of the most considerable benefits is the reduced upkeep requirement, which makes artificial turf a more convenient and economical option contrasted to all-natural grass.


Keeping an all-natural yard lawn is typically a lengthy and labor-intensive procedure. In the scorching warm of Las Las vega, it comes to be even more complicated. The turf requires regular watering, mowing, feeding, and weeding to stay healthy and balanced and visually pleasing. If overlooked, the yard begins to turn yellow or brownish and might also pass away, which would certainly need reseeding and even full substitute of the grass.


On the various other hand, synthetic grass practically eliminates these issues. It remains completely environment-friendly and lush throughout the year, regardless of the climate condition. There is no need for normal watering, which not just saves time and effort however also contributes to water conservation - a substantial problem in areas like Las Vegas. The only water demand would certainly be periodic washing to keep it clean and dust-free.


In addition, with artificial turf, there is no demand for trimming or fertilizing. It stays at the ideal height forever, and theres no danger of it overgrowing or nurturing weeds. This not just minimizes the time invested in grass upkeep however likewise removes the cost of getting and maintaining a lawnmower or getting plant foods.


Artificial turf is likewise extra sturdy and hard-wearing than all-natural grass. It can stand up to heavy foot web traffic and rigorous play tasks without getting broken or damaged. This implies you wont have to bother with changing or repairing certain sections of your grass, which is one more common maintenance task with natural yard.


The decreased maintenance requirement with synthetic grass offers home owners in Las Vegas with even more time to appreciate their exterior areas, as opposed to spending time maintaining them. It also indicates significant cost savings in the long run. In a city like Las Las vega, where the environment is harsh, synthetic grass shows to be a clever and advantageous option for house owners, supplying an evergreen, low-maintenance grass that looks and feels similar to all-natural yard.

Ecological Benefits of Changing to Synthetic Grass


As Las Las vega remains to experience the effects of a changing environment and enhancing water scarcity, it is becoming important for citizens and companies to discover innovative means to preserve water. One such method is through the adoption of artificial turf or synthetic grass. This choice not just offers aesthetic allure and low upkeep however additionally carries substantial environmental advantages.


Among one of the most noticeable ecological benefits of switching to synthetic grass is water preservation.

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Typical grass yards call for a significant amount of water to remain green and healthy and balanced, particularly in the desert environment of Las Vegas. According to the Southern Nevada Water Authority, each square foot of all-natural lawn changed by synthetic grass saves 55 gallons of water annually. For that reason, by switching over to synthetic grass, Las Vegas citizens can considerably lower their water intake, which is important in a city where water is a valuable source.


Artificial turf likewise gets rid of the need for dangerous chemicals and fertilizers. Most natural yards call for pesticides, plant foods, and herbicides to maintain their appearance and health and wellness. These substances commonly seep into the ground, contaminating the groundwater and influencing the regional flora and animals detrimentally. With synthetic grass, these chemicals are unnecessary, making it a more secure option for the environment.


Another significant ecological advantage of synthetic grass is its longevity and longevity. Unlike all-natural lawn, artificial turf does not call for reseeding or substitute because of weather changes.

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This longevity minimizes the sources utilized for the constant maintenance and substitute of natural yard.


In terms of air top quality, synthetic grass provides clear benefits also. Typical lawns need normal mowing, which releases pollutants into the atmosphere. The U.S Epa keeps in mind that gas-powered mower add considerably to air pollution. With artificial turf, no mowing is essential, eliminating these discharges entirely.


Finally, synthetic grass helps battle dirt erosion. In locations where the dirt is vulnerable to disintegration, particularly in desert environments like Las Vegas, synthetic grass can give much-needed stability. The backing product on artificial turf helps maintain soil in position, stopping erosion and promoting better environmental health and wellness.


To conclude, the button to synthetic grass in Las Las vega offers multiple environmental advantages. From water preservation to air top quality renovation, artificial turf confirms to be a feasible, eco-friendly remedy, particularly in locations facing water deficiency and environment modification. As Las Las vega citizens continue to seek methods to lessen their ecological impact, the adoption of synthetic grass will likely end up being a significantly prominent selection.

Convenience and Visual Allure of Artificial Turf in Las Las Vega


Artificial turf, frequently known as artificial turf, has actually acquired tremendous appeal in the arid, desert city of Las Las vega. In a city where natural yard is challenging to expand and maintain as a result of water deficiency and severe heat, synthetic grass provides an attractive and functional option. The adaptability and aesthetic allure of synthetic grass are among the top 10 benefits of using this manufactured surface in Las Vegas.


Allows begin by going over the adaptability of synthetic grass. One of the key advantages of artificial turf is that it can be installed anywhere, regardless of the environment or terrain. This is especially advantageous in Las Las vega, where the environment is not for the growth of all-natural grass. Synthetic grass can be mounted on roofs, patio areas, around pool locations, pet dog runs, sporting activities areas, and play areas, among others. It is additionally a favored option for golf links and bowling environment-friendlies because of its also, smooth surface.

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This adaptability indicates you can have a rich, green yard all the time, regardless of the climate or water limitations.


Another substantial benefit of artificial turf is its aesthetic charm. Unlike all-natural grass, artificial turf stays dynamic and green throughout the year, boosting the look of your home or business. It provides a clean, neatly polished look that is tough to achieve with natural grass, especially in a desert climate.

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The artificial turf available today is made to look and feel like genuine grass, making it almost equivalent from the actual point. Moreover, it does not discolor under sunlight or transform brownish throughout dry spells, guaranteeing your lawn looks appealing and welcoming at all times.


Additionally, synthetic grass can be personalized to fit your specific needs. It is available in numerous colors, sizes, and structures, allowing you to develop a distinct and customized outdoor room. Whether you want a soft, plush yard for your kids to play on or a sturdy, hard-wearing surface area for high-traffic areas, there is a synthetic grass item to fulfill your demands.


Finally, the convenience and visual charm of synthetic grass make it an excellent choice for homes and services in Las Vegas. Not just does it provide a functional, low-maintenance alternative to all-natural turf, yet it additionally enhances the appearance of your home, making it much more attractive and welcoming. So, if youre taking into consideration updating your exterior area, artificial turf could be the excellent remedy.

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Long life and Resilience: Just How Artificial Turf Outlives Natural Lawn


When it comes to the longevity and durability of grass, artificial turf clearly beats its all-natural equivalent. This is particularly obvious in a city like Las Las vega, where the harsh desert environment can ruin natural lawns. In contrast, synthetic grass continues to be vibrant and lavish all year round, irrespective of weather. This essay seeks to highlight just how artificial turf lasts longer than all-natural turf, thus making it one of the top advantages of utilizing synthetic grass in Las Las vega.


Natural grass calls for a great deal of upkeep to keep it looking fresh and environment-friendly. It requires routine watering, mowing, fertilizing, and re-seeding. Even with all this care, it can still succumb conditions, pests, and the scorching Las Las vega warmth. The durability of natural lawn is commonly jeopardized by these elements, causing a damaged and patchy yard that is neither appealing neither practical.


On the other hand, artificial turf, also known as artificial turf, provides remarkable sturdiness and durability. It is made from top quality, resilient materials that can stand up to hefty foot web traffic, extreme heat, and other severe conditions. This indicates that it remains intact and vibrant for many years, requiring little to no maintenance. As a matter of fact, the majority of synthetic grass is developed to last for over a years, which is substantially longer than what can be anticipated from natural grass.


Another key variable that contributes to the durability of synthetic grass is its resistance to pests and diseases. Unlike all-natural lawn, artificial grass does not supply an environment for insects, nor does it struggle with common lawn illness. This eliminates the requirement for chemicals and fungicides, decreasing both maintenance expenses and environmental effect.


Furthermore, synthetic grass does not need watering to stay environment-friendly. This is a substantial advantage in a desert city like Las Vegas, where water is a valuable source. By opting for artificial turf, home owners can save money on their water expenses and contribute to water preservation efforts.


Finally, artificial turf can endure the deterioration of sports and various other entertainment activities much better than natural turf. It offers a regular having fun surface that doesn't obtain muddy or develop divots, making it ideal for sports areas and play areas.


Finally, the long life and longevity of synthetic grass much go beyond that of natural grass, making it a sensible and economical option for Las Las vega citizens. Its resistant to severe weather, parasites, and illness, and it does not require watering or regular upkeep. Whether for a yard, a sporting activities field, or a public park, artificial turf promises a green and lavish surface

 

Artificial turf with rubber crumb infill
Side view of artificial turf
Diagram of the structure of modern artificial turf
Artificial turf square mats

Artificial turf is a surface of synthetic fibers made to look like natural grass, used in sports arenas, residential lawns and commercial applications that traditionally use grass. It is much more durable than grass and easily maintained without irrigation or trimming, although periodic cleaning is required. Stadiums that are substantially covered and/or at high latitudes often use artificial turf, as they typically lack enough sunlight for photosynthesis and substitutes for solar radiation are prohibitively expensive and energy-intensive. Disadvantages include increased risk of injury especially when used in athletic competition, as well as health and environmental concerns about the petroleum and toxic chemicals used in its manufacture.

Artificial turf first gained substantial attention in 1966, when ChemGrass was installed in the year-old Astrodome, developed by Monsanto and rebranded as AstroTurf, now a generic trademark (registered to a new owner) for any artificial turf.

The first-generation system of shortpile fibers without infill of the 1960s has largely been replaced by two more. The second features longer fibers and sand infill and the third adds recycled crumb rubber to the sand. Compared to earlier systems, modern artificial turf more closely resembles grass in appearance and is also considered safer for athletic competition. However, it is still not widely considered to be equal to grass. Sports clubs, leagues, unions and individual athletes have frequently spoken out and campaigned against it, while local governments have enacted and enforced laws restricting and/or banning its use.

History

[edit]

David Chaney, who moved to Raleigh, North Carolina, in 1960 and later served as Dean of the North Carolina State University College of Textiles, headed the team of Research Triangle Park researchers who created the first notable artificial turf. That accomplishment led Sports Illustrated to declare Chaney as the man "responsible for indoor major league baseball and millions of welcome mats."

Artificial turf was first installed in 1964 on a recreation area at the Moses Brown School in Providence, Rhode Island.[1] The material came to public prominence in 1966, when AstroTurf was installed in the Astrodome in Houston, Texas.[1] The state-of-the-art indoor stadium had attempted to use natural grass during its initial season in 1965, but this failed miserably and the field conditions were grossly inadequate during the second half of the season, with the dead grass painted green. Due to a limited supply of the new artificial grass, only the infield was installed before the Houston Astros' home opener in April 1966; the outfield was installed in early summer during an extended Astros road trip and first used after the All-Star Break in July.

The use of AstroTurf and similar surfaces became widespread in the U.S. and Canada in the early 1970s, installed in both indoor and outdoor stadiums used for baseball and football. More than 11,000 artificial turf playing fields have been installed nationally.[2] More than 1,200 were installed in the U.S. in 2013 alone, according to the industry group the Synthetic Turf Council.[2]

Sports applications

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Baseball

[edit]
Tropicana Field with its artificial turf field.
An artificial-turf field at a high school in Oregon.

Artificial turf was first used in Major League Baseball in the Houston Astrodome in 1966, replacing the grass field used when the stadium opened a year earlier. Even though the grass was specifically bred for indoor use, the dome's semi-transparent Lucite ceiling panels, which had been painted white to cut down on glare that bothered the players, did not pass enough sunlight to support the grass. For most of the 1965 season, the Astros played on green-painted dirt and dead grass.

The solution was to install a new type of artificial grass on the field, ChemGrass, which became known as AstroTurf. Given its early use, the term astroturf has since been genericized as a term for any artificial turf.[3] Because the supply of AstroTurf was still low, only a limited amount was available for the first home game. There was not enough for the entire outfield, but there was enough to cover the traditional grass portion of the infield. The outfield remained painted dirt until after the All-Star Break. The team was sent on an extended road trip before the break, and on July 19, 1966, the installation of the outfield portion of AstroTurf was completed.

The Chicago White Sox became the first team to install artificial turf in an outdoor stadium, as they used it only in the infield and adjacent foul territory at Comiskey Park from 1969 through 1975.[4] Artificial turf was later installed in other new multi-purpose stadiums such as Pittsburgh's Three Rivers Stadium, Philadelphia's Veterans Stadium, and Cincinnati's Riverfront Stadium. Early AstroTurf baseball fields used the traditional all-dirt path, but starting in 1970 with Cincinnati's Riverfront Stadium,[5] teams began using the "base cutout" layout on the diamond, with the only dirt being on the pitcher's mound, batter's circle, and in a five-sided diamond-shaped "sliding box" around each base. With this layout, a painted arc would indicate where the edge of the outfield grass would normally be, to assist fielders in positioning themselves properly. The last stadium in MLB to use this configuration was Rogers Centre in Toronto, when they switched to an all-dirt infield (but keeping the artificial turf) for the 2016 season.[6][7]

Artificial turf being installed on a baseball field in Queens, New York City.

The biggest difference in play on artificial turf was that the ball bounced higher than on real grass and also traveled faster, causing infielders to play farther back than they would normally so that they would have sufficient time to react. The ball also had a truer bounce than on grass so that on long throws fielders could deliberately bounce the ball in front of the player they were throwing to, with the certainty that it would travel in a straight line and not be deflected to the right or left. The biggest impact on the game of "turf", as it came to be called, was on the bodies of the players. The artificial surface, which was generally placed over a concrete base, had much less give to it than a traditional dirt and grass field did, which caused more wear-and-tear on knees, ankles, feet, and the lower back, possibly even shortening the careers of those players who played a significant portion of their games on artificial surfaces. Players also complained that the turf was much hotter than grass, sometimes causing the metal spikes to burn their feet or plastic ones to melt. These factors eventually provoked a number of stadiums, such as the Kansas City Royals' Kauffman Stadium, to switch from artificial turf back to natural grass.

In 2000, St. Petersburg's Tropicana Field became the first MLB field to use a third-generation artificial surface, FieldTurf. All other remaining artificial turf stadiums were either converted to third-generation surfaces or were replaced entirely by new natural grass stadiums. In a span of 13 years, between 1992 and 2005, the National League went from having half of its teams using artificial turf to all of them playing on natural grass. With the replacement of Minneapolis's Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome by Target Field in 2010, only two MLB stadiums used artificial turf from 2010 through 2018: Tropicana Field and Toronto's Rogers Centre. This number grew to three when the Arizona Diamondbacks switched Chase Field to artificial turf for the 2019 season; the stadium had grass from its opening in 1998 until 2018, but the difficulty of maintaining the grass in the stadium, which has a retractable roof and is located in a desert city, was cited as the reason for the switch.[8] In 2020, Miami's Marlins Park (now loanDepot Park) also switched to artificial turf for similar reasons, while the Texas Rangers' new Globe Life Field was opened with an artificial surface, as it is also a retractable roof ballpark in a hot weather city; this puts the number of teams using synthetic turf in MLB at five as of 2023.

American football

[edit]

The first professional American football team to play on artificial turf was the Houston Oilers, then part of the American Football League, who moved into the Astrodome in 1968, which had installed AstroTurf two years prior. In 1969, the University of Pennsylvania's Franklin Field in Philadelphia, at the time also home field of the Philadelphia Eagles, switched from grass to AstroTurf, making it the first National Football League stadium to use artificial turf.

In 2002, CenturyLink Field, originally planned to have a natural grass field, was instead surfaced with FieldTurf upon positive reaction from the Seattle Seahawks when they played on the surface at their temporary home of Husky Stadium during the 2000 and 2001 seasons. This would be the first of a leaguewide trend taking place over the next several seasons that would not only result in teams already using artificial surfaces for their fields switching to the new FieldTurf or other similar surfaces but would also see several teams playing on grass adopt a new surface. (The Indianapolis Colts' RCA Dome and the St. Louis Rams' Edward Jones Dome were the last two stadiums in the NFL to replace their first-generation AstroTurf surfaces for next-generation ones after the 2004 season). For example, after a three-year experiment with a natural surface, Giants Stadium went to FieldTurf for 2003, while M&T Bank Stadium added its own artificial surface the same year (it has since been removed and replaced with a natural surface, which the stadium had before installing the turf). Later examples include Paul Brown Stadium (now Paycor Stadium), which went from grass to turf in 2004; Gillette Stadium, which made the switch in 2006;[9] and NRG Stadium, which did so in 2015. As of 2021, 14 NFL fields out of 30 are artificial. NFL players overwhelmingly prefer natural grass over synthetic surfaces, according to a league survey conducted in 2010. When asked, "Which surface do you think is more likely to shorten your career?", 90% responded artificial turf.[10] When players were asked "Is the Turf versus Grass debate overblown or a real concern"[11] in an anonymous player survey, 83% believe it is a real concern while 12.3% believe it is overblown.

Following receiver Odell Beckham Jr.'s injury during Super Bowl LVI, other NFL players started calling for turf to be banned since the site of the game, SoFi Stadium, was a turf field.[12]

Arena football is played indoors on the older short-pile artificial turf.

Canadian football

[edit]

The first professional Canadian football stadium to use artificial turf was Empire Stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia, then home of the Canadian Football League's BC Lions, which installed 3M TartanTurf in 1970. Today, eight of the nine stadiums in the CFL currently use artificial turf, largely because of the harsh weather conditions in the latter-half of the season. The only one that does not is BMO Field in Toronto, which initially had an artificial pitch and has been shared by the CFL's Toronto Argonauts since 2016 (part of the endzones at that stadium are covered with artificial turf).[13] The first stadium to use the next-generation surface was Ottawa's Frank Clair Stadium (now TD Place Stadium), which the Ottawa Renegades used when they began play in 2002. The Saskatchewan Roughriders' Taylor Field was the only major professional sports venue in North America to use a second-generation artificial playing surface, Omniturf, which was used from 1988 to 2000, followed by AstroTurf from 2000 to 2007 and FieldTurf from 2007 to its 2016 closure.[14]

Cricket

[edit]

Some cricket pitches are made of synthetic grass[15] or of a hybrid of mostly natural and some artificial grass, with these "hybrid pitches" having been implemented across several parts of the United Kingdom[16] and Australia.[17] The first synthetic turf cricket field in the USA was opened in Fremont, California in 2016.[18]

Field hockey

[edit]

The introduction of synthetic surfaces has significantly changed the sport of field hockey. Since being introduced in the 1970s, competitions in western countries are now mostly played on artificial surfaces. This has increased the speed of the game considerably and changed the shape of hockey sticks to allow for different techniques, such as reverse stick trapping and hitting.

Field hockey artificial turf differs from artificial turf for other sports, in that it does not try to reproduce a grass feel, being made of shorter fibers. This allows the improvement in speed brought by earlier artificial turfs to be retained. This development is problematic for areas which cannot afford to build an extra artificial field for hockey alone. The International Hockey Federation and manufacturers are driving research in order to produce new fields that will be suitable for a variety of sports.

The use of artificial turf in conjunction with changes in the game's rules (e.g., the removal of offside, introduction of rolling substitutes and the self-pass, and to the interpretation of obstruction) have contributed significantly to change the nature of the game, greatly increasing the speed and intensity of play as well as placing far greater demands on the conditioning of the players.

Association football

[edit]
Aspmyra, Norway: home of the football club FK Bodø/Glimt
A slide tackle driving up crumbed rubber in the playing surface

The use of artificial turf, and whether they are not allowed or not, varies between different tournaments and time periods. Though grass is preferred in general in association football, artificial turf is found in areas where it is seen as impractical to maintain natural grass season-long, with causes including very cold climates (For instance Norway's Eliteserien) or multi-purpose stadiums (Seattle's Lumen Field).

Use permitted

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Use prohibited

[edit]

History in United Kingdom

[edit]

Some association football clubs in Europe installed synthetic surfaces in the 1980s, which were called "plastic pitches" (often derisively) in countries such as England. There, four professional club venues had adopted them; Queens Park Rangers's Loftus Road (1981–1988), Luton Town's Kenilworth Road (1985–1991), Oldham Athletic's Boundary Park (1986–1991) and Preston North End's Deepdale (1986–1994). QPR had been the first team to install an artificial pitch at their stadium in 1981, but were the first to remove it when they did so in 1988.

Artificial pitches were banned from top-flight (then First Division) football in 1991, forcing Oldham Athletic to remove their artificial pitch after their promotion to the First Division in 1991, while then top-flight Luton Town also removed their artificial pitch at the same time. The last Football League team to have an artificial pitch in England was Preston North End, who removed their pitch in 1994 after eight years in use. Artificial pitches were banned from the top four divisions from 1995.

Artificial turf gained a bad reputation[neutrality is disputed] globally, with fans and especially with players. The first-generation artificial turf surfaces were carpet-like in their look and feel, and thus, a far harder surface than grass and soon became known[by whom?] as an unforgiving playing surface that was prone to cause more injuries, and in particular, more serious joint injuries, than would comparatively be suffered on a grass surface. This turf was also regarded as aesthetically unappealing to many fans[weasel words].

In 1981, London football club Queens Park Rangers dug up its grass pitch and installed an artificial one. Others followed, and by the mid-1980s there were four artificial surfaces in operation in the English league. They soon became a national joke: the ball pinged round like it was made of rubber, the players kept losing their footing, and anyone who fell over risked carpet burns. Unsurprisingly, fans complained that the football was awful to watch and, one by one, the clubs returned to natural grass.[21]

In November 2011, it was reported that a number of English football clubs were interested in using artificial pitches again on economic grounds.[22] As of January 2020, artificial pitches are not permitted in the Premier League or Football League but are permitted in the National League and lower divisions. Bromley are an example of an English football club who currently use a third-generation artificial pitch.[23] In 2018, Sutton United were close to achieving promotion to the Football League and the debate in England about artificial pitches resurfaced again. It was reported that, if Sutton won promotion, they would subsequently be demoted two leagues if they refused to replace their pitch with natural grass.[24] After Harrogate Town's promotion to the Football League in 2020, the club was obliged to install a natural grass pitch at Wetherby Road;[25] and after winning promotion in 2021 Sutton Utd were also obliged to tear up their artificial pitch and replace it with grass, at a cost of more than £500,000.[26] Artificial pitches are permitted in all rounds of the FA Cup competition.

History elsewhere

[edit]

In the 1990s, many North American soccer clubs also removed their artificial surfaces and re-installed grass, while others moved to new stadiums with state-of-the-art grass surfaces that were designed to withstand cold temperatures where the climate demanded it. The use of artificial turf was later banned by FIFA, UEFA and by many domestic football associations, but FIFA and UEFA allowed it again from the mid-2000's (UEFA from the 2005–06 season onwards), provided that the turfs are FIFA Recommended. UEFA has now been heavily involved in programs to test artificial turf, with tests made in several grounds meeting with FIFA approval. A team of UEFA, FIFA and German company Polytan conducted tests in the Stadion Salzburg Wals-Siezenheim in Salzburg, Austria which had matches played on it in UEFA Euro 2008. It is the second FIFA 2 Star approved artificial turf in a European domestic top flight, after Dutch club Heracles Almelo received the FIFA certificate in August 2005.[27] The tests were approved.[28]

FIFA originally launched its FIFA Quality Concept in February 2001.

A full international fixture for the 2008 European Championships was played on October 17, 2007, between England and Russia on an artificial surface, which was installed to counteract adverse weather conditions, at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow.[29][30] It was one of the first full international games to be played on such a surface approved by FIFA and UEFA. The latter ordered the 2008 European Champions League final hosted in the same stadium in May 2008 to place on grass, so a temporary natural grass field was installed just for the final.

In 2007, UEFA stressed that artificial turf should only be considered an option where climatic conditions necessitate.[31] One Desso "hybrid grass" product incorporates both natural grass and artificial elements.[32]

In June 2009, following a match played at Estadio Ricardo Saprissa in Costa Rica, American national team manager Bob Bradley called on FIFA to "have some courage" and ban artificial surfaces.[33]

FIFA designated a star system for artificial turf fields that have undergone a series of tests that examine quality and performance based on a two star system.[34] Recommended two-star fields may be used for FIFA Final Round Competitions as well as for UEFA Europa League and Champions League matches.[35] There are currently 130 FIFA Recommended 2-Star installations in the world.[36]

In 2009, FIFA launched the Preferred Producer Initiative to improve the quality of artificial football turf at each stage of the life cycle (manufacturing, installation and maintenance).[37] Currently, there are five manufacturers that were selected by FIFA: Act Global, Limonta, Desso, GreenFields, and Edel Grass. These firms have made quality guarantees directly to FIFA and have agreed to increased research and development.

In 2010, Estadio Omnilife with an artificial turf opened in Guadalajara to be the new home of Chivas, one of the most popular teams in Mexico. The owner of Chivas, Jorge Vergara, defended the reasoning behind using artificial turf because the stadium was designed to be "environment friendly and as such, having grass would result [in] using too much water."[38] Some players criticized the field, saying its harder surface caused many injuries. When Johan Cruyff became the adviser of the team, he recommended the switch to natural grass, which the team did in 2012.[39]

The 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup took place entirely on artificial surfaces, as the event was played in Canada, where almost all of the country's stadiums use artificial turf due to climate issues. This plan garnered criticism from players and fans, some believing the artificial surfaces make players more susceptible to injuries. Over fifty of the female athletes protested against the use of artificial turf on the basis of gender discrimination.[40][41] Australia winger Caitlin Foord said that after playing 90 minutes there was no difference to her post-match recovery – a view shared by the rest of the squad. The squad spent much time preparing on the surface and had no problems with its use in Winnipeg. "We've been training on [artificial] turf pretty much all year so I think we're kind of used to it in that way ... I think grass or turf you can still pull up sore after a game so it's definitely about getting the recovery in and getting it right", Foord said.[42] A lawsuit was filed on October 1, 2014, in an Ontario tribunal court by a group of women's international soccer players against FIFA and the Canadian Soccer Association and specifically points out that in 1994 FIFA spent $2 million to plant natural grass over artificial turf in New Jersey and Detroit.[43] Various celebrities showed their support for the women soccer players in defense of their lawsuit, including actor Tom Hanks, NBA player Kobe Bryant and U.S. men's soccer team keeper Tim Howard. Even with the possibility of boycotts, FIFA's head of women's competitions, Tatjana Haenni, made it clear that "we play on artificial turf and there's no Plan B."[44][45]

The first stadium to use artificial turf in Brazil was Atlético Paranaense's Arena da Baixada in 2016. In 2020, the administration of Allianz Parque, home of Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, started the implementation of the second artificial pitch in the country.[46]

In 2024, the Eredivisie banned artificial turfs, meaning hybrid grass and natural grass became mandatory, starting from the 2025-26 season.[47]

In UEFA tournaments, teams who are used to playing on artificial turf are seen as having a large home advantage against teams who don't, as was the case for Bodø/Glimt's semi-final campaign in the 2024–25 UEFA Europa League.[48]

Rugby union

[edit]

Rugby union also uses artificial surfaces at a professional level. Infill fields are used by English Premiership Rugby teams Gloucester, Newcastle Falcons, Saracens F.C. and the now defunct Worcester Warriors, as well as United Rugby Championship teams Cardiff, Edinburgh and Glasgow Warriors. Some fields, including Twickenham Stadium, have incorporated a hybrid field, with grass and synthetic fibers used on the surface. This allows for the field to be much more hard wearing, making it less susceptible to weather conditions and frequent use.

Tennis

[edit]

Carpet has been used as a surface for indoor tennis courts for decades, though the first carpets used were more similar to home carpets than a synthetic grass. After the introduction of AstroTurf, it came to be used for tennis courts, both indoor and outdoor, though only a small minority of courts use the surface.[49][50] Both infill and non-infill versions are used, and are typically considered medium-fast to fast surfaces under the International Tennis Federation's classification scheme.[49] A distinct form found in tennis is an "artificial clay" surface,[49] which seeks to simulate a clay court by using a very short pile carpet with an infill of the same loose aggregate used for clay courts that rises above the carpet fibers.[49]

Tennis courts such as Wimbledon are considering using an artificial hybrid grass to replace their natural lawn courts. Such systems incorporate synthetic fibers into natural grass to create a more durable surface on which to play.[51] Such hybrid surfaces are currently used for some association football stadiums, including Wembley Stadium.

Golf

[edit]

Synthetic turf can also be used in the golf industry, such as on driving ranges, putting greens and even in some circumstances tee boxes. For low budget courses, particularly those catering to casual golfers, synthetic putting greens offer the advantage of being a relatively cheap alternative to installing and maintaining grass greens, but are much more similar to real grass in appearance and feel compared to sand greens which are the traditional alternative surface. Because of the vast areas of golf courses and the damage from clubs during shots, it is not feasible to surface fairways with artificial turf.

Motor racing

[edit]

Artificial grass is used to line the perimeter of some sections of some motor circuits, and offers less grip than some other surfaces.[52] It can pose an obstacle to drivers if it gets caught on their car.[53]

Other applications

[edit]

Landscaping

[edit]
A home's yard with artificial grass.

Since the early 1990s, the use of synthetic grass in the more arid western states of the United States has moved beyond athletic fields to residential and commercial landscaping.[54] New water saving programs, as of 2019, which grant rebates for turf removal, do not accept artificial turf as replacement and require a minimum of plants.[55][56]

The use of artificial grass for convenience sometimes faces opposition: Legislation frequently seeks to preserve natural gardens and fully water permeable surfaces, therefore restricting the use of hardscape and plantless areas, including artificial turf. In several locations in different countries, homeowners have been fined, ordered to remove artificial turf and/or had to defend themselves in courts. Many of these restrictions can be found in local bylaws and ordinances. These not always applied in a consistent manner,[57][58][59] especially in municipalities that utilize a complaint-based model for enforcing local laws.

Sunlight reflections from nearby windows can cause artificial turf to melt. This can be avoided by adding perforated vinyl privacy window film adhesive to the outside of the window causing the reflection.

Airports

[edit]

Artificial turf has been used at airports.[60] Here it provides several advantages over natural turf – it does not support wildlife, it has high visual contrast with runways in all seasons, it reduces foreign object damage (FOD) since the surface has no rocks or clumps, and it drains well.[61]

Some artificial turf systems allow for the integration of fiber-optic fibers into the turf. This would allow for runway lighting to be embedded in artificial landing surfaces for aircraft (or lighting or advertisements to be directly embedded in a playing surface).[62]

Tanks for octopuses

[edit]

Artificial turf is commonly used for tanks containing octopusses, in particular the Giant Pacific octopus since it is a reliable way to prevent the octopusses from escaping their tank, as they prevent the suction cups on the tentacles from getting a tight seal.[63]

Environmental and safety concerns

[edit]

Environmental footprint

[edit]

The first major academic review of the environmental and health risks and benefits of artificial turf was published in 2014;[64] it was followed by extensive research on possible risks to human health, but holistic analyses of the environmental footprint of artificial turf compared with natural turf only began to emerge in the 2020s,[65][66] and frameworks to support informed policymaking were still lacking.[67][68] Evaluating the relative environmental footprints of natural and artificial turf is complex, with outcomes depending on a wide range of factors, including (to give the example of a sports field):[64]

  • what ecosystem services are lost by converting a site to a sports pitch
  • how resource-intensive is the landscaping work and transport of materials to create a pitch
  • whether input materials are recycled and whether these are recycled again at the end of the pitch's life
  • how resource-intensive and damaging maintenance is (whether through water, fertiliser, weed-killer, reapplication of rubber crumb, snow-clearing, etc.)
  • how intensively the facility is used, for how long, and whether surface type can reduce the overall number of pitches required

Artificial turf has been shown to contribute to global warming by absorbing significantly more radiation than living turf and, to a lesser extent, by displacing living plants that could sequester carbon dioxide through photosynthesis;[69] a study at New Mexico State University found that in that environment, water-cooling of artificial turf can demand as much water as natural turf.[70] However, a 2022 study that used real-world data to model a ten-year-life-cycle environmental footprint for a new natural-turf soccer field compared with an artificial-turf field found that the natural-turf field contributed twice as much to global warming as the artificial one (largely due to a more resource-intensive construction phase), while finding that the artificial turf would likely cause more pollution of other kinds. It promoted improvements to usual practice such as the substitution of cork for rubber in artificial pitches and more drought-resistant grasses and electric mowing in natural ones.[65] In 2021, a Zurich University of Applied Sciences study for the city of Zurich, using local data on extant pitches, found that, per hour of use, natural turf had the lowest environmental footprint, followed by artificial turf with no infill, and then artificial turf using an infill (e.g. granulated rubber). However, because it could tolerate more hours of use, unfilled artificial turf often had the lowest environmental footprint in practice, by reducing the total number of pitches required. The study recommended optimising the use of existing pitches before building new ones, and choosing the best surface for the likely intensity of use.[66] Another suggestion is the introduction of green roofs to offset the conversion of grassland to artificial turf.[71]

Maintenance

[edit]

Contrary to popular belief, artificial turf is not maintenance free. It requires regular maintenance, such as raking and patching, to keep it functional and safe.[72]

Pollution and associated health risks

[edit]

Some artificial turf uses infill such as silicon sand, but most uses granulated rubber, referred to as "crumb rubber". Granulated rubber can be made from recycled car tires and may carry heavy metals, PFAS chemicals, and other chemicals of environmental concern. The synthetic fibers of artificial turf are also subject to degradation. Thus chemicals from artificial turfs leach into the environment, and artificial turf is a source of microplastics pollution and rubber pollution in air, fresh-water, sea and soil environments.[73][74][75][76][77][78][64][excessive citations] In Norway, Sweden, and at least some other places, the rubber granulate from artificial turf infill constitutes the second largest source of microplastics in the environment after the tire and road wear particles that make up a large portion of the fine road debris.[79][80][81] As early as 2007, Environment and Human Health, Inc., a lobby-group, proposed a moratorium on the use of ground-up rubber tires in fields and playgrounds based on health concerns;[82] in September 2022, the European Commission made a draft proposal to restrict the use of microplastic granules as infill in sports fields.[83]

What is less clear is how likely this pollution is in practice to harm humans or other organisms and whether these environmental costs outweigh the benefits of artificial turf, with many scientific papers and government agencies (such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency) calling for more research.[2] A 2018 study published in Water, Air, & Soil Pollution analyzed the chemicals found in samples of tire crumbs, some used to install school athletic fields, and identified 92 chemicals only about half of which had ever been studied for their health effects and some of which are known to be carcinogenic or irritants. It stated "caution would argue against use of these materials where human exposure is likely, and this is especially true for playgrounds and athletic playing fields where young people may be affected".[84] Conversely, a 2017 study in Sports Medicine argued that "regular physical activity during adolescence and early adulthood helps prevent cancer later in life. Restricting the use or availability of all-weather year-round synthetic fields and thereby potentially reducing exercise could, in the long run, actually increase cancer incidence, as well as cardiovascular disease and other chronic illnesses."[85]

The possibility that carcinogenic substances in artificial turf could increase risks of human cancer (the artificial turf–cancer hypothesis) gained a particularly high profile in the first decades of the twenty-first century and attracted extensive study, with scientific reports around 2020 finding cancer-risks in modern artificial turf negligible.[86][87][88][89] But concerns have extended to other human-health risks, such as endocrine disruption that might affect early puberty, obesity, and children's attention spans.[90][91][92][93] Potential harm to fish[75] and earthworm[94] populations has also been shown.

A study for the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection analyzed lead and other metals in dust kicked into the air by physical activity on five artificial turf fields. The results suggest that even low levels of activity on the field can cause particulate matter containing these chemicals to get into the air where it can be inhaled and be harmful. The authors state that since no level of lead exposure is considered safe for children, "only a comprehensive mandated testing of fields can provide assurance that no health hazard on these fields exists from lead or other metals used in their construction and maintenance."[95]

Kinesiological health risks

[edit]

A number of health and safety concerns have been raised about artificial turf.[2] Friction between skin and older generations of artificial turf can cause abrasions and/or burns to a much greater extent than natural grass.[96] Artificial turf tends to retain heat from the sun and can be much hotter than natural grass with prolonged exposure to the sun.[97]

There is some evidence that periodic disinfection of artificial turf is required as pathogens are not broken down by natural processes in the same manner as natural grass. Despite this, a 2006 study suggests certain microbial life is less active in artificial turf.[96]

There is evidence showing higher rates of player injury on artificial turf. By November 1971, the injury toll on first-generation artificial turf had reached a threshold that resulted in congressional hearings by the House subcommittee on commerce and finance.[98][99][100] In a study performed by the National Football League Injury and Safety Panel, published in the October 2012 issue of the American Journal of Sports Medicine, Elliott B. Hershman et al. reviewed injury data from NFL games played between 2000 and 2009, finding that "the injury rate of knee sprains as a whole was 22% higher on FieldTurf than on natural grass. While MCL sprains did not occur at a rate significantly higher than on grass, rates of ACL sprains were 67% higher on FieldTurf."[101] Metatarsophalangeal joint sprain, known as "turf toe" when the big toe is involved, is named from the injury being associated with playing sports on rigid surfaces such as artificial turf and is a fairly common injury among professional American football players. Artificial turf is a harder surface than grass and does not have much "give" when forces are placed on it.[102]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  90. ^ Armada, Daniel; Llompart, Maria; Celeiro, Maria; Garcia-Castro, Pablo; Ratola, Nuno; Dagnac, Thierry; de Boer, Jacob (March 15, 2022). "Global evaluation of the chemical hazard of recycled tire crumb rubber employed on worldwide synthetic turf football pitches". Science of the Total Environment. 812: 152542. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.81252542A. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152542. hdl:10347/27898. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 34952075. S2CID 245432545.
  91. ^ Colon, I (2000). "Identification of phthalate esters in the serum of young Puerto Rican girls with premature breast development". Environmental Health Perspectives. 108 (9): 895–900. doi:10.1289/ehp.108-2556932. PMC 2556932. PMID 11017896.
  92. ^ Newbold, RR (2009). "Environmental estrogens and obesity". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 304 (1–2): 84–89. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.024. PMC 2682588. PMID 19433252.
  93. ^ Grun, F. (2009). "Endocrine disruptors as obesogens". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 304 (1–2): 19–29. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.018. PMC 2713042. PMID 19433244.
  94. ^ Pochron, Sharon T.; Fiorenza, Andrew; Sperl, Cassandra; Ledda, Brianne; Lawrence Patterson, Charles; Tucker, Clara C.; Tucker, Wade; Ho, Yuwan Lisa; Panico, Nicholas (April 2017). "The response of earthworms ( Eisenia fetida ) and soil microbes to the crumb rubber material used in artificial turf fields". Chemosphere. 173: 557–562. Bibcode:2017Chmsp.173..557P. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.091. PMID 28142114.
  95. ^ Shalat SL. An evaluation of potential exposures to lead and other metals as the result of aerosolized particulate matter from artificial turf playing fields. 2011. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. http://www.nj.gov/dep/dsr/publications/artificial-turf-report.pdf
  96. ^ a b "New Penn State Study Debunks Staph Bacteria Scare in Synthetic Turf" (Press release). Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. August 30, 2006. Archived from the original on August 30, 2006. Retrieved January 11, 2008.
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  98. ^ "Senate (House) studies 'Mod Sod'". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). Associated Press. November 2, 1971. p. 16.
  99. ^ "Fake turf makers deny fault". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. November 3, 1971. p. 5D.
  100. ^ Underwood, John (November 15, 1971). "New Slant on the Mod Sod". Sports Illustrated. p. 32.
  101. ^ "Ask Dr. Geier – Are ACL tears more common on grass or FieldTurf? | Dr. David Geier – Sports Medicine Simplified". Dr. David Geier. January 18, 2013. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
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 This article incorporates text by National Center for Health Research available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license. The text and its release have been received by the Wikimedia Volunteer Response Team

; for more information, see the talk page.

 

 

Las Vegas is located in the United States
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
 
Las Vegas
Official seal of Las Vegas
Etymology: from Spanish las vegas 'the meadows'
Nicknames: 
"Vegas", "Sin City", "City of Lights", "The Gambling Capital of the World",[1] "The Entertainment Capital of the World', "Capital of Second Chances",[2] "The Marriage Capital of the World", "The Silver City", "America's Playground", "Hawaii's Ninth Island"[3][4]
Map
Map
Map
Map
Las Vegas is located in Nevada
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
 
Coordinates: 36°10′2″N 115°8′55″W / 36.16722°N 115.14861°W / 36.16722; -115.14861
Country  United States
State  Nevada
County Clark
Founded May 15, 1905
Incorporated March 16, 1911
Government
 
 • Type Council–manager
 • Mayor Shelley Berkley (D)
 • Mayor Pro Tem Brian Knudsen (D)
 • City council
Members
 • City manager Jorge Cervantes
Area
 • City
141.91 sq mi (367.53 km2)
 • Land 141.85 sq mi (367.40 km2)
 • Water 0.05 sq mi (0.14 km2)
 • Urban
 
540 sq mi (1,400 km2)
 • Metro
 
1,580 sq mi (4,100 km2)
Elevation
 
2,001 ft (610 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • City
641,903
 • Rank 75th in North America
24th in the United States[6]
1st in Nevada
 • Density 4,525.16/sq mi (1,747.17/km2)
 • Urban
 
2,196,623 (US: 21st)
 • Urban density 5,046.3/sq mi (1,948.4/km2)
 • Metro 2,265,461 (US: 29th)
Demonym Las Vegan
GDP
 • Metro $160.728 billion (2022)
Time zone UTC−08:00 (PST)
 • Summer (DST) UTC−07:00 (PDT)
ZIP Codes
89044, 89054, 891xx
Area code(s) 702 and 725
FIPS code 32-40000
GNIS feature ID 847388
Website lasvegasnevada.gov

Las Vegas,[a] colloquially referred to as Vegas, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Nevada and the county seat of Clark County. The Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area is the largest within the greater Mojave Desert, and second-largest in the Southwestern United States. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had 641,903 residents in 2020,[9] with a metropolitan population of 2,227,053,[10] making it the 24th-most populous city in the United States. Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city, known primarily for its gambling, shopping, fine dining, entertainment, and nightlife. It has most venues centered on downtown Las Vegas and more to the Las Vegas Strip, located outside city limits in the unincorporated towns of Paradise and Winchester. The Las Vegas Valley serves as the leading financial, commercial, and cultural center in Nevada.

Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911.[11] At the close of the 20th century, it was the most populated North American city founded within that century (a similar distinction was earned by Chicago in the 19th century). Population growth has accelerated since the 1960s and into the 21st century, and between 1990 and 2000 the population increased by 85.2%.

The city bills itself as the Entertainment Capital of the World, and is famous for its luxurious and large casino-hotels. As of 2023, Las Vegas attracts over 40.8 million visitors annually,[12] making it one of the most visited cities in the United States and consistently ranking among the world's top tourist destinations.[13][14] It is the third most popular U.S. destination for business conventions[15] and a global leader in the hospitality industry.[16] The city's tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment has earned it the nickname "Sin City",[17] and has made it a popular setting for films, literature, television programs, commercials and music videos.

Toponymy

[edit]

In 1829, Mexican trader and explorer Antonio Armijo led a group consisting of 60 men and 100 mules along the Old Spanish Trail from modern day New Mexico to California. Along the way, the group stopped in what would become Las Vegas and noted its natural water sources, now referred to as the Las Vegas Springs, which supported extensive vegetation such as grasses and mesquite trees. The springs were a significant natural feature in the valley, with streams that supported a meadow ecosystem. This region served as the winter residence for the Southern Paiute people, who utilized the area's resources before moving to higher elevations during the summer months. The Spanish "las vegas" or "the meadows" (more precisely, lower land near a river) in English, was applied to describe the fertile lowlands near the springs. Over time, the name began to refer to the populated settlement.[18][19][20]

History

[edit]
Southern Paiutes at Moapa wearing traditional Paiute basket hats with Paiute cradleboard and rabbit robe

Nomadic Paleo-Indians traveled to the Las Vegas area 10,000 years ago, leaving behind petroglyphs. Ancient Puebloan and Paiute tribes followed at least 2,000 years ago.[21]

A young Mexican scout named Rafael Rivera is credited as the first non-Native American to encounter the valley, in 1829.[22] Trader Antonio Armijo led a 60-man party along the Spanish Trail to Los Angeles, California, in 1829.[23][24] In 1844, John C. Frémont arrived, and his writings helped lure pioneers to the area. Downtown Las Vegas's Fremont Street is named after him.

Eleven years later, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints chose Las Vegas as the site to build a fort halfway between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, where they would travel to gather supplies. The fort was abandoned several years afterward. The remainder of this Old Mormon Fort can still be seen at the intersection of Las Vegas Boulevard and Washington Avenue.

Las Vegas was founded as a city in 1905, when 110 acres (45 ha) of land adjacent to the Union Pacific Railroad tracks were auctioned in what would become the downtown area. In 1911, Las Vegas was incorporated as a city.[25]

Golden Nugget and Pioneer Club along Fremont Street in 1952

The year 1931 was pivotal for Las Vegas. At that time, Nevada legalized casino gambling[26] and reduced residency requirements for divorce to six weeks.[27] This year also witnessed the beginning of construction of the tunnels of nearby Hoover Dam. The influx of construction workers and their families helped Las Vegas avoid economic calamity during the Great Depression. The construction work was completed in 1935.

In late 1941, Las Vegas Army Airfield was established. Renamed Nellis Air Force Base in 1950, it is now home to the United States Air Force Thunderbirds aerobatic team.[28]

Following World War II, lavishly decorated hotels, gambling casinos, and big-name entertainment became synonymous with Las Vegas.

This view of downtown Las Vegas shows a mushroom cloud in the background. Scenes such as this were typical during the 1950s. From 1951 to 1962, the government conducted 100 atmospheric tests at the nearby Nevada Test Site.[29]

In 1951, nuclear weapons testing began at the Nevada Test Site, 65 miles (105 km) northwest of Las Vegas. During this time, the city was nicknamed the "Atomic City." Residents and visitors were able to witness the mushroom clouds (and were exposed to the fallout) until 1963 when the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty required that nuclear tests be moved underground.[29]

In 1955, the Moulin Rouge Hotel opened and became the first racially integrated casino-hotel in Las Vegas.

Fremont Street in the late 1960s

During the 1960s, corporations and business tycoons such as Howard Hughes were building and buying hotel-casino properties. Gambling was referred to as "gaming," which transitioned it into a legitimate business. Learning from Las Vegas, published during this era, asked architects to take inspiration from the city's highly decorated buildings, helping to start the postmodern architecture movement.

In 1995, the Fremont Street Experience opened in Las Vegas's downtown area. This canopied five-block area features 12.5 million LED lights and 550,000 watts of sound from dusk until midnight during shows held at the top of each hour.

Due to the realization of many revitalization efforts, 2012 was dubbed "The Year of Downtown." Projects worth hundreds of millions of dollars made their debut at this time, including the Smith Center for the Performing Arts, the Discovery Children's Museum, the Mob Museum, the Neon Museum, a new City Hall complex, and renovations for a new Zappos.com corporate headquarters in the old City Hall building.[30][31]

Geography

[edit]
Astronaut photograph of Las Vegas at night
Downtown Las Vegas with Red Rock Canyon in the background

Las Vegas is situated in a basin on the floor of the Mojave Desert,[32] and is surrounded by mountain ranges. Much of the landscape is rocky and arid, with desert vegetation and wildlife. It can be subjected to torrential flash floods, although much has been done to mitigate the effects of flash floods through improved drainage systems.[33]

The city's elevation is approximately 2,030 ft (620 m) above sea level, though the surrounding peaks reach elevations of over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) and act as barriers to the strong flow of moisture from the surrounding area. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 135.86 sq mi (351.9 km2), of which 135.81 sq mi (351.7 km2) is land and 0.05 sq mi (0.13 km2) (0.03%) is water.

After Alaska and California, Nevada is the third most seismically active state in the U.S. It has been estimated by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) that over the next 50 years, there is a 10–20% chance of an M6.0 or greater earthquake occurring within 50 km (31 mi) of Las Vegas.[34]

Within the city are many lawns, trees, and other greenery. Due to water resource issues, there has been a movement to encourage xeriscapes. Another part of conservation efforts is scheduled watering days for residential landscaping. A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency grant in 2008 funded a program that analyzed and forecast growth and environmental effects through 2019.[35]

Climate

[edit]
Desert scene at the Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area in the Las Vegas area
Spring flowers at the Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area in the Las Vegas area

Las Vegas has a subtropical hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification: BWh, Trewartha climate classification BWhk), typical of the Mojave Desert in which it lies. This climate is typified by long, extremely hot summers; warm transitional seasons; and short winters with mild days and cool nights. There is abundant sunshine throughout the year, with an average of 310 sunny days and bright sunshine during 86% of all daylight hours.[36][37] Rainfall is scarce, with an average of 4.2 in (110 mm) dispersed between roughly 26 total rainy days per year.[38] Las Vegas is among the sunniest, driest, and least humid locations in North America, with exceptionally low dew points and humidity that sometimes remains below 10%.[39]

The summer months of June through September are extremely hot, though moderated by the low humidity levels. July is the hottest month, with an average daytime high of 104.5 °F (40.3 °C). On average, 137 days per year reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C), of which 78 days reach 100 °F (38 °C) and 10 days reach 110 °F (43 °C). During the peak intensity of summer, overnight lows frequently remain above 80 °F (27 °C), and occasionally above 85 °F (29 °C).[36]

While most summer days are consistently hot, dry, and cloudless, the North American Monsoon sporadically interrupts this pattern and brings more cloud cover, thunderstorms, lightning, increased humidity, and brief spells of heavy rain. Potential monsoons affect Las Vegas between July and August. Summer in Las Vegas is marked by significant diurnal temperature variation. While less extreme than other parts of the state, nighttime lows in Las Vegas are often 30 °F (16.7 °C) or more lower than daytime highs.[40] The average hottest night of the year is 90 °F (32 °C). The all-time record is at 95 °F (35 °C).[36]

Las Vegas winters are relatively short, with typically mild daytime temperatures and chilly nights. Sunshine is abundant in all seasons. December is both the year's coolest and cloudiest month, with an average daytime high of 56.9 °F (13.8 °C) and sunshine occurring during 78% of its daylight hours. Winter evenings are defined by clear skies and swift drops in temperature after sunset, with overnight minima averaging around 40 °F (4.4 °C) in December and January. Owing to its elevation that ranges from 2,000 to 3,000 feet (610 to 910 m), Las Vegas experiences markedly cooler winters than other areas of the Mojave Desert and the adjacent Sonoran Desert that are closer to sea level. The city records freezing temperatures an average of 10 nights per winter. It is exceptionally rare for temperatures to reach or fall below 25 °F (−4 °C).[36]

Climate chart for Las Vegas

Most of the annual precipitation falls during the winter. February, the wettest month, averages only four days of measurable rain. The mountains immediately surrounding the Las Vegas Valley accumulate snow every winter, but significant accumulation within the city is rare, although moderate accumulations occur every few years. The most recent accumulations occurred on February 18, 2019, when parts of the city received about 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5.1 cm) of snow[41] and on February 20 when the city received almost 0.5 inches (1.3 cm).[42] Other recent significant snow accumulations occurred on December 25, 2015, and December 17, 2008.[43] Unofficially, Las Vegas's largest snowfall on record was the 12 inches (30 cm) that fell in 1909.[44] In recent times, ice days have not occurred, although 29 °F (−2 °C) was measured in 1963.[36] On average the coldest day is 44 °F (7 °C).[36]

The highest temperature officially observed for Las Vegas is 120 °F (48.9 °C), as measured at Harry Reid International Airport on July 7, 2024.[36][45] The lowest temperature was 8 °F (−13 °C), recorded on two days: January 25, 1937, and January 13, 1963.[36] The official record hot daily minimum is 95 °F (35 °C) on July 19, 2005, and July 1, 2013. The official record cold daily maximum is 28 °F (−2 °C) on January 8 and 21, 1937.[36] July 2024 was the hottest month ever recorded in Las Vegas, with its highest recorded mean daily average temperature over the month of 99.9 °F (38 °C), its highest recorded mean daily maximum temperature of 111.5 °F (44 °C), and its highest recorded mean nightly minimum temperature of 88.3 °F (31 °C).[46]

Due to concerns about climate change in the wake of a 2002 drought, daily water consumption has been reduced from 314 US gallons (1,190 L) per resident in 2003 to around 205 US gallons (780 L) in 2015.[47]

Climate data for Harry Reid International Airport (Paradise, Nevada), 1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1937–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 77
(25)
87
(31)
92
(33)
99
(37)
109
(43)
117
(47)
120
(49)
116
(47)
114
(46)
104
(40)
87
(31)
78
(26)
120
(49)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 68.7
(20.4)
74.2
(23.4)
84.3
(29.1)
93.6
(34.2)
101.8
(38.8)
110.1
(43.4)
112.9
(44.9)
110.3
(43.5)
105.0
(40.6)
94.6
(34.8)
80.5
(26.9)
67.9
(19.9)
113.6
(45.3)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 58.5
(14.7)
62.9
(17.2)
71.1
(21.7)
78.5
(25.8)
88.5
(31.4)
99.4
(37.4)
104.5
(40.3)
102.8
(39.3)
94.9
(34.9)
81.2
(27.3)
67.1
(19.5)
56.9
(13.8)
80.5
(26.9)
Daily mean °F (°C) 49.5
(9.7)
53.5
(11.9)
60.8
(16.0)
67.7
(19.8)
77.3
(25.2)
87.6
(30.9)
93.2
(34.0)
91.7
(33.2)
83.6
(28.7)
70.4
(21.3)
57.2
(14.0)
48.2
(9.0)
70.1
(21.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 40.5
(4.7)
44.1
(6.7)
50.5
(10.3)
56.9
(13.8)
66.1
(18.9)
75.8
(24.3)
82.0
(27.8)
80.6
(27.0)
72.4
(22.4)
59.6
(15.3)
47.3
(8.5)
39.6
(4.2)
59.6
(15.3)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 29.8
(−1.2)
32.9
(0.5)
38.7
(3.7)
45.2
(7.3)
52.8
(11.6)
62.2
(16.8)
72.9
(22.7)
70.8
(21.6)
60.8
(16.0)
47.4
(8.6)
35.2
(1.8)
29.0
(−1.7)
27.4
(−2.6)
Record low °F (°C) 8
(−13)
16
(−9)
19
(−7)
31
(−1)
38
(3)
48
(9)
56
(13)
54
(12)
43
(6)
26
(−3)
15
(−9)
11
(−12)
8
(−13)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.56
(14)
0.80
(20)
0.42
(11)
0.20
(5.1)
0.07
(1.8)
0.04
(1.0)
0.38
(9.7)
0.32
(8.1)
0.32
(8.1)
0.32
(8.1)
0.30
(7.6)
0.45
(11)
4.18
(106)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.2
(0.51)
0.2
(0.51)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 3.1 4.1 2.8 1.6 1.1 0.4 2.5 2.2 1.8 1.7 1.5 3.0 25.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2
Average relative humidity (%) 45.1 39.6 33.1 25.0 21.3 16.5 21.1 25.6 25.0 28.8 37.2 45.0 30.3
Average dew point °F (°C) 22.1
(−5.5)
23.7
(−4.6)
23.9
(−4.5)
24.1
(−4.4)
28.2
(−2.1)
30.9
(−0.6)
40.6
(4.8)
44.1
(6.7)
37.0
(2.8)
30.4
(−0.9)
25.3
(−3.7)
22.3
(−5.4)
29.4
(−1.5)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 245.2 246.7 314.6 346.1 388.1 401.7 390.9 368.5 337.1 304.4 246.0 236.0 3,825.3
Percentage possible sunshine 79 81 85 88 89 92 88 88 91 87 80 78 86
Source: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)[36][38][37]

See or edit raw graph data.

Nearby communities

[edit]
The entrance to the community of Summerlin

Neighborhoods

[edit]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
Census Pop. Note
1900 25  
1910 800   3,100.0%
1920 2,304   188.0%
1930 5,165   124.2%
1940 8,422   63.1%
1950 24,624   192.4%
1960 64,405   161.6%
1970 125,787   95.3%
1980 164,674   30.9%
1990 258,295   56.9%
2000 478,434   85.2%
2010 583,756   22.0%
2020 641,903   10.0%
2024 (est.) 678,922   5.8%
source:[48][49]
2010–2010[9]
Las Vegas, Nevada – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[50] Pop 2010[51] Pop 2020[52] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 277,704 279,703 259,561 58.04% 47.91% 40.44%
Black or African American alone (NH) 48,380 62,008 79,129 10.11% 10.62% 12.33%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 2,405 2,391 2,291 0.50% 0.41% 0.36%
Asian alone (NH) 22,411 34,606 44,995 4.68% 5.93% 7.01%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 1,935 3,103 4,204 0.40% 0.53% 0.65%
Other race alone (NH) 650 1,101 3,855 0.14% 0.19% 0.60%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 11,987 16,985 34,040 2.51% 2.91% 5.30%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 112,962 183,859 213,828 23.61% 31.50% 33.31%
Total 474,434 583,756 641,903 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

2020 census

[edit]

According to the 2020 United States census, the city of Las Vegas had 644,883 people living in 244,429 households. The racial composition of the City of Las Vegas was 49.2% white, 11.9% black, 1.1% American Indian or Alaska Native, 6.9% Asian, Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 34.1% and 16.2% from two or more races. 40.8% were non-Hispanic white.[53]

Approximately 5.8% of residents are under the age of five, 22.8% under the age of eighteen and 15.6% over 65 years old. Females are 50.0% of the total population.[53]

Map of racial distribution in the Las Vegas area, 2020 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people:  White

 Black

 Asian

 Hispanic

 Native American

 Mixed or Other

From 2019 to 2023, Las Vegas had approximately 244,429 households, with an average of 2.63 persons per household. About 55.7% of housing units were owner-occupied, and the median value of owner-occupied housing was $395,300. Median gross rent during this period was $1,456 per month (in 2023 dollars).[53]

The median household income in Las Vegas from 2019 to 2023 was $70,723, while the per capita income was $38,421 (in 2023 dollars). Approximately 14.2% of the population lived below the poverty line during the same period.[53]

Residents over 25 years old with a high school diploma were 85.8% of the population with 27.3% having attained a bachelor's degree or higher.[53]

About 33.0% of residents aged 5 and older speak a language other than English at home. 20.9% of residents are foreign-born.[53]

The mean travel time to work for residents aged 16 and older was approximately 25.8 minutes between 2019 and 2023. The vast majority of households in Las Vegas are digitally connected, with 95.6% having a computer and 89.1% subscribing to broadband internet services .

Filipinos make up the largest Asian population in Las Vegas. 31,931 Filipinos live within the city limits, making up 4.8% of the population.[54] In the Las Vegas area as a whole, there are 162,802 Filipinos, making up 7% of the population.[55] Native Hawaiians are also a major demographic in the city, numbering 20,829 in the city and surrounding suburbs,[56] with some Hawaiians and Las Vegas residents calling the city the "ninth island of Hawaii" due to the major influx of Hawaiians to Vegas.[57]

According to a 2004 study, Las Vegas has one of the highest divorce rates.[58][59] The city's high divorce rate is not wholly due to Las Vegans themselves getting divorced. Compared to other states, Nevada's nonrestrictive requirements for divorce result in many couples temporarily moving to Las Vegas in order to get divorced.[60] Similarly, Nevada marriage requirements are equally lax resulting in one of the highest marriage rates of U.S. cities, with many licenses issued to people from outside the area (see Las Vegas weddings).[60]

2010 census

[edit]

According to the 2010 Census, the city of Las Vegas had a population of 583,756. The city's racial composition had shifted slightly, with 47.91% of the population identifying as White alone (non-Hispanic), 10.63% as Black or African American alone (non-Hispanic), 0.41% as Native American or Alaska Native alone (non-Hispanic), 5.93% as Asian alone (non-Hispanic), 0.53% as Pacific Islander alone (non-Hispanic), 0.19% as Other Race alone (non-Hispanic), and 2.91% as Mixed race or Multiracial (non-Hispanic). Hispanic or Latino individuals of any race represented 31.50% of the population.[51]

2000 census

[edit]

According to the 2000 census, Las Vegas had a population of 474,434 people. The racial makeup of the city was 58.52% White alone (non-Hispanic), 10.19% Black or African American alone (non-Hispanic), 0.51% Native American or Alaska Native alone (non-Hispanic), 4.72% Asian alone (non-Hispanic), 0.41% Pacific Islander alone (non-Hispanic), 0.14% Other Race alone (non-Hispanic), and 2.52% Mixed race or Multiracial (non-Hispanic). Hispanic or Latino individuals of any race made up 23.81% of the population.[50]

Historical racial profile 2020[61] 2010[62] 2000[63] 1990[64] 1970[64]
White 46.0% 62.1% 69.9% 78.4% 87.6%
 —Non-Hispanic Whites 40.4% 47.9% 58.0% 72.1% 83.1%[c]
Black or African American 12.9% 11.1% 10.4% 11.4% 11.2%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 33.3% 31.5% 23.6% 12.5% 4.6%[c]
Asian 7.2% 6.1% 4.8% 3.6% 0.7%

Economy

[edit]

The primary drivers of the Las Vegas economy are tourism, gaming, and conventions, which in turn feed the retail and restaurant industries.

Tourism

[edit]
The Golden Nugget Las Vegas
The Las Vegas Strip, primarily located in Paradise
A view of the Las Vegas Valley looking north from the Stratosphere Tower

The major attractions in Las Vegas are the casinos and the hotels, although in recent years other new attractions have begun to emerge.

Most casinos in the downtown area are on Fremont Street, with The STRAT Hotel, Casino & Skypod as one of the few exceptions. Fremont East, adjacent to the Fremont Street Experience, was granted variances to allow bars to be closer together, similar to the Gaslamp Quarter of San Diego, the goal being to attract a different demographic than the Strip attracts.

Downtown casinos

[edit]

The Golden Gate Hotel and Casino, downtown along the Fremont Street Experience, is the oldest continuously operating hotel and casino in Las Vegas; it opened in 1906 as the Hotel Nevada.

In 1931, the Northern Club (now the La Bayou) opened.[65][66] The most notable of the early casinos may have been Binion's Horseshoe (now Binion's Gambling Hall and Hotel) while it was run by Benny Binion.

Boyd Gaming has a major presence downtown operating the California Hotel & Casino, the Fremont Hotel & Casino, and the Main Street Casino. The Four Queens also operates downtown along the Fremont Street Experience.

Downtown casinos that have undergone major renovations and revitalization in recent years include the Golden Nugget Las Vegas, The D Las Vegas (formerly Fitzgerald's), the Downtown Grand Las Vegas (formerly Lady Luck), the El Cortez Hotel & Casino, and the Plaza Hotel & Casino.[67]

In 2020, Circa Resort & Casino opened, becoming the first all-new hotel-casino to be built on Fremont Street since 1980.[68]

Las Vegas Strip

[edit]

The center of the gambling and entertainment industry is the Las Vegas Strip, outside the city limits in the surrounding unincorporated communities of Paradise and Winchester in Clark County. Some of the largest casinos and buildings are there.[69]

Welcome signs

[edit]
The original Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign
Gateway Arches

In 1929, the city installed a welcome arch over Fremont Street, at the corner of Main Street.[70][71][72] It remained in place until 1931.[73][74]

In 1959, the 25-foot-tall (7.6 m) Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign was installed at the south end of the Las Vegas Strip. A replica welcome sign, standing nearly 16 feet (4.9 m) tall, was installed within city limits in 2002, at Las Vegas Boulevard and Fourth Street.[75][76][77] The replica was destroyed in 2016, when a pickup truck crashed into it.[78]

In 2018, the city approved plans for a new gateway landmark in the form of neon arches. It was built within city limits, in front of the Strat resort and north of Sahara Avenue.[79] The project, built by YESCO, cost $6.5 million and stands 80 feet (24 m) high.[80] Officially known as the Gateway Arches, the project was completed in 2020. The steel arches are blue during the day, and light up in a variety of colors at night.[81]

Also located just north of the Strat are a pair of giant neon showgirls, initially added in 2018 as part of a $400,000 welcome display. The original showgirls were 25 feet (7.6 m) tall, but were replaced by new ones in 2022, rising 50 feet (15 m).[82][83] The originals were refurbished following weather damage and installed at the Las Vegas Arts District.[83][84]

Development

[edit]

When The Mirage opened in 1989, it started a trend of major resort development on the Las Vegas Strip outside of the city. This resulted in a drop in tourism in the downtown area, but many recent projects have increased the number of visitors to downtown.

An effort has been made by city officials to diversify the economy by attracting health-related, high-tech and other commercial interests. No state tax for individuals or corporations, as well as a lack of other forms of business-related taxes, have aided the success of these efforts.[85]

The Fremont Street Experience was built in an effort to draw tourists back to the area and has been popular since its startup in 1995.

The city conducted a land-swap deal in 2000 with Lehman Brothers, acquiring 61 acres (25 ha) of property near downtown Las Vegas in exchange for 91 acres (37 ha) of the Las Vegas Technology Center.[86] In 2004, Las Vegas Mayor Oscar Goodman announced that the area would become home to Symphony Park (originally called "Union Park"[87]), a mixed-use development. The development is home to the Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, The Smith Center for the Performing Arts, the Discovery Children's Museum, the Las Vegas Chamber of Commerce, and four residential projects totaling 600 residential units as of 2024.[88]

World Market Center Building A

In 2005, the World Market Center opened, consisting of three large buildings taking up 5,400,000 square feet (500,000 m2). Trade shows for the furniture and furnishing industries are held there semiannually.[89]

Also nearby is the Las Vegas North Premium Outlets. With a second expansion, completed in May 2015, the mall currently offers 175 stores.[90]

City offices moved to a new Las Vegas City Hall in February 2013 on downtown's Main Street. The former city hall building is now occupied by the corporate headquarters for the online retailer Zappos.com, which opened downtown in 2013. Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh took an interest in the urban area and contributed $350 million toward a revitalization effort called the Downtown Project.[91][92] Projects funded include Las Vegas's first independent bookstore, The Writer's Block.[93]

Other industries

[edit]

A number of new industries have moved to Las Vegas in recent decades. Zappos.com (now an Amazon subsidiary) was founded in San Francisco but by 2013 had moved its headquarters to downtown Las Vegas. Allegiant Air, a low-cost air carrier, launched in 1997 with its first hub at Harry Reid International Airport and headquarters in nearby Summerlin.

Planet 13 Holdings, a cannabis company, opened the world's largest cannabis dispensary in Las Vegas at 112,000 sq ft (10,400 m2).[94][95]

Effects of growth on water supply

[edit]

A growing population means the Las Vegas Valley used 1.2 billion US gal (4.5 billion L) more water in 2014 than in 2011. Although water conservation efforts implemented in the wake of a 2002 drought have had some success, local water consumption remains 30 percent greater than in Los Angeles, and over three times that of San Francisco metropolitan area residents. The Southern Nevada Water Authority is building a $1.4 billion tunnel and pumping station to bring water from Lake Mead, has purchased water rights throughout Nevada, and has planned a controversial $3.2 billion pipeline across half the state. By law, the Las Vegas Water Service District "may deny any request for a water commitment or request for a water connection if the District has an inadequate supply of water." But limiting growth on the basis of an inadequate water supply has been unpopular with the casino and building industries.[47]

Culture

[edit]
The Smith Center for the Performing Arts & Discovery Museum
Symphony Park in Downtown Las Vegas

The city is home to several museums, including the Neon Museum (the location for many of the historical signs from Las Vegas's mid-20th century heyday), The Mob Museum, the Las Vegas Natural History Museum, the Discovery Children's Museum, the Nevada State Museum and the Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park.

The city is home to an extensive Downtown Arts District, which hosts numerous galleries and events including the annual Las Vegas Film Festival. "First Friday" is a monthly celebration that includes arts, music, special presentations and food in a section of the city's downtown region called 18b, The Las Vegas Arts District.[96] The festival extends into the Fremont East Entertainment District.[97] The Thursday evening before First Friday is known in the arts district as "Preview Thursday," which highlights new gallery exhibitions throughout the district.[98]

The Las Vegas Academy of International Studies, Performing and Visual Arts is a Grammy award-winning magnet school located in downtown Las Vegas. The Smith Center for the Performing Arts is downtown in Symphony Park and hosts various Broadway shows and other artistic performances.

Las Vegas has earned the moniker "Gambling Capital of the World," as it has the world's most land-based casinos.[99] The city is also host to more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any other city in the world.[100]

Sports

[edit]
Allegiant Stadium is the home of the Las Vegas Raiders NFL football team.

The Las Vegas Valley is the home of three major professional teams: the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Vegas Golden Knights, an expansion team that began play in the 2017–18 NHL season at T-Mobile Arena in nearby Paradise,[101] the National Football League (NFL)'s Las Vegas Raiders, who relocated from Oakland, California, in 2020 and play at Allegiant Stadium in Paradise,[102] and the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)'s Las Vegas Aces, who play at the Mandalay Bay Events Center. The Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB) will move to Las Vegas by 2028.[103][104]

Two minor league sports teams play in the Las Vegas area. The Las Vegas Aviators of the Pacific Coast League, the Triple-A farm club of the Athletics, play at Las Vegas Ballpark in nearby Summerlin.[105] The Las Vegas Lights FC of the United Soccer League play in Cashman Field in Downtown Las Vegas.[106][107]

The mixed martial arts promotion, Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), is headquartered in Las Vegas and also frequently holds fights in the city at T-Mobile Arena and at the UFC Apex training facility near the headquarters.[108]

North of Las Vegas is the Las Vegas Motor Speedway, a 1.5 mile tri-oval constructed in 1972 that hosts two NASCAR Cup Series races each year, one in the spring and a playoff race in the fall.[109]

List of teams

[edit]

Major professional teams

[edit]
Team Sport League Venue (capacity) Established Titles
Las Vegas Raiders Football NFL Allegiant Stadium (65,000) 2020 3[d]
Vegas Golden Knights Ice hockey NHL T-Mobile Arena (17,500) 2017 1
Las Vegas Aces Women's basketball WNBA Michelob Ultra Arena (12,000) 2018 2

Minor professional teams

[edit]
Team Sport League Venue (capacity) Established Titles
Las Vegas Aviators Baseball MiLB (AAA-PCL) Las Vegas Ballpark (10,000) 1983 2
Henderson Silver Knights Ice hockey AHL Lee's Family Forum (5,567) 2020 0
Las Vegas Lights FC Soccer USLC Cashman Field (9,334) 2018 0
Vegas Knight Hawks Indoor football IFL Lee's Family Forum (6,019) 2021 0
Las Vegas Desert Dogs Box lacrosse NLL Lee's Family Forum (5,567) 0

Semi-pro and amateur teams

[edit]
Team Sport League Venue (capacity) Established Titles
Las Vegas Dream Basketball ABA   2023  
Las Vegas Royals 2020  
Vegas Jesters Ice hockey MWHL City National Arena (600) 2012 0
Las Vegas Thunderbirds USPHL 2019 0
Las Vegas Legends Soccer NPSL Peter Johann Memorial Field (2,500) 2021 0
Vegas NVaders Women's football WFA - D2 Desert Pines High School (N/A) 2023 0

College teams

[edit]
School Team League Division Primary Conference
University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) UNLV Rebels NCAA NCAA Division I Mountain West
College of Southern Nevada (CSN) CSN Coyotes NJCAA NJCAA Division I Scenic West
 

Parks and recreation

[edit]
Spanish Trail Country Club, a 27-hole golf course

The city's parks and recreation department operates 78 regional, community, neighborhood, and pocket parks; four municipal swimming pools, 11 recreational centers, four active adult centers, eight cultural centers, six galleries, eleven dog parks, and four golf courses: Angel Park Golf Club, Desert Pines Golf Club, Durango Hills Golf Club, and the Las Vegas Municipal Golf Course.[110]

It is also responsible for 123 playgrounds, 23 softball fields, 10 football fields, 44 soccer fields, 10 dog parks, six community centers, four senior centers, 109 skate parks, and six swimming pools.[111]

Government

[edit]
Las Vegas City Hall in downtown Las Vegas

The city of Las Vegas has a council–manager government.[112] The mayor sits as a council member-at-large and presides over all city council meetings.[112] If the mayor cannot preside over a city council meeting, then the Mayor pro tempore is the presiding officer of the meeting until the Mayor returns to his/her seat.[113] The city manager is responsible for the administration and the day-to-day operations of all municipal services and city departments.[114] The city manager maintains intergovernmental relationships with federal, state, county and other local governments.[114]

Out of the 2,265,461 people in Clark County as of the 2020 Census, approximately 1,030,000 people live in unincorporated Clark County, and around 650,000 live in incorporated cities such as North Las Vegas, Henderson and Boulder City.[115] Las Vegas and Clark County share a police department, the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, which was formed after a 1973 merger of the Las Vegas Police Department and the Clark County Sheriff's Department.[116] North Las Vegas, Henderson, Boulder City, Mesquite, UNLV and CCSD have their own police departments.[117]

The federally-recognized Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians (Southern Paiute: Nuvagantucimi) occupies a 31-acre (130,000 m2) reservation just north downtown between Interstate-15 and Main Street.[118][119][120]

Downtown is the location of Lloyd D. George Federal District Courthouse[121] and the Regional Justice Center,[122] draws numerous companies providing bail, marriage, divorce, tax, incorporation and other legal services.

City council

[edit]
Name Position Party References Notes
Shelley Berkley Mayor Democratic [123]  
Brian Knudsen 1st Ward Council member Democratic [124][125] Mayor Pro Tem
Victoria Seaman 2nd Ward Council member Republican [126][125]  
Olivia Diaz 3rd Ward Council member Democratic [127][125]  
Francis Allen-Palenske 4th Ward Council member Republican    
Shondra Summers-Armstrong 5th Ward Council member Democratic [128]  
Nancy Brune 6th Ward Council member Democratic    

Politics

[edit]

Las Vegas City Presidential Election Results

Las Vegas City Presidential Election Results[129]
Year Democratic Republican Third Parties
2024 51.4% 149,647 46.8% 136,073 1.8% 5,299
2020 54.3% 150,733 43.7% 121,302 2.1% 5,763
2016 52.9% 121,107 41.2% 94,392 5.9% 13,544
2012 57.7% 119,156 42.3% 87,227 0% 0
2008 58.8% 118,827 39.2% 79,207 1.89% 22,436

Primary and secondary schools

[edit]

Primary and secondary public education is provided by the Clark County School District.[130]

Public higher education

[edit]

Public higher education is provided by the Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE). Public institutions serving Las Vegas include the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), the College of Southern Nevada (CSN), Nevada State University (NSU), and the Desert Research Institute (DRI).[131]

UNLV is a public, land-grant, R1 research university and is home to the Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine[132] and the William S. Boyd School of Law, the only law school in Nevada.[133] The university's campus is urban and located about two miles east of the Las Vegas strip. The Desert Research Institute's southern campus sits next to UNLV, while its northern campus is in Reno.[134]

CSN, with campuses throughout Clark County,[135] is a community college with one of the largest enrollments in the United States.[136] In unincorporated Clark County, CSN's Charleston campus is home to the headquarters of Nevada Public Radio (KNPR), an NPR member station.[137][138]

Private higher education

[edit]

Touro University Nevada located in Henderson is a non-profit, private institution primarily focusing on medical education.[139] Other institutions include a number of for-profit private schools (e.g., Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts, DeVry University, among others).[140]

Media

[edit]

Newspapers

[edit]
Las Vegas Review-Journal sign
  • Las Vegas Review-Journal, the area's largest daily newspaper, is published every morning. It was formed in 1909 but has roots back to 1905. It is the largest newspaper in Nevada and is ranked as one of the top 25 newspapers in the United States by circulation. In 2000, the Review-Journal installed the largest newspaper printing press in the world. It cost $40 million, weighs 910 tons and consists of 16 towers.[141] Until his death in January 2021, the newspaper was owned by casino magnate Sheldon Adelson, who purchased it for $140 million in December 2015. In 2018, the Review-Journal received the Sigma Delta Chi Award from the Society of Professional Journalists for reporting the Oct 1 mass shooting on the Las Vegas Strip. In 2018 and 2022, Editor and Publisher magazine named the Review-Journal as one of 10 newspapers in the United States "doing it right."[142][143]
  • Las Vegas Sun, based in neighboring Henderson, is a daily newspaper. Although independently published, the print edition is distributed as a section inside the Review-Journal. The Sun is owned by the Greenspun family and is part of the Greenspun Media Group. It was founded independently in 1950 and in 1989 entered into a Joint Operating Agreement with the Review-Journal, which runs through 2040. The Sun has been described as "politically liberal."[144] In 2009, the Sun was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for coverage of the high death rate of construction workers on the Las Vegas Strip amid lax enforcement of regulations.[145][146]
  • Las Vegas Weekly, based in neighboring Henderson, is a free alternative weekly newspaper. It covers Las Vegas arts, entertainment, culture and news. Las Vegas Weekly was founded in 1992 and is published by the Greenspun Media Group.

Broadcast

[edit]

Las Vegas is served by 10 full power television stations and 46 radio stations. The area is also served by two NOAA Weather Radio transmitters (162.55 MHz located in Boulder City and 162.40 MHz located on Potosi Mountain).

Magazines

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]
Regional Transportation Commission (RTC) provides public bus transportation.
Harry Reid International Airport provides private and public aviation services to the city.
Inside Terminal 3 at Harry Reid International Airport in Paradise

RTC Transit is a public transportation system providing bus service throughout Las Vegas, Henderson, North Las Vegas and other areas of the valley. Inter-city bus service to and from Las Vegas is provided by Greyhound, BoltBus, Orange Belt Stages, Tufesa, and several smaller carriers.[147]

Amtrak trains have not served Las Vegas since the service via the Desert Wind at Las Vegas station ceased in 1997, but Amtrak California operates Amtrak Thruway dedicated service between the city and its passenger rail stations in Bakersfield, California, as well as Los Angeles Union Station via Barstow.[148]

High-speed rail project Brightline West began construction in 2024 to connect Brightline's Las Vegas station and the Rancho Cucamonga station in Greater Los Angeles.[149]

The Las Vegas Monorail on the Strip was privately built, and upon bankruptcy taken over by the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.[150]

Silver Rider Transit operates three routes within Las Vegas, offering connections to Laughlin,[151] Mesquite,[152] and Sandy Valley.[153]

The Union Pacific Railroad is the only Class I railroad providing rail freight service to the city. Until 1997, the Amtrak Desert Wind train service ran through Las Vegas using the Union Pacific Railroad tracks.

In March 2010, the RTC launched bus rapid transit link in Las Vegas called the Strip & Downtown Express with limited stops and frequent service that connects downtown Las Vegas, the Strip and the Las Vegas Convention Center. Shortly after the launch, the RTC dropped the ACE name.[154]

In 2016, 77.1 percent of working Las Vegas residents (those living in the city, but not necessarily working in the city) commuted by driving alone. About 11 percent commuted via carpool, 3.9 percent used public transportation, and 1.4 percent walked. About 2.3 percent of Las Vegas commuters used all other forms of transportation, including taxi, bicycle, and motorcycle. About 4.3% of working Las Vegas residents worked at home.[155] In 2015, 10.2 percent of city of Las Vegas households were without a car, which increased slightly to 10.5 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Las Vegas averaged 1.63 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8 per household.

With some exceptions, including Las Vegas Boulevard, Boulder Highway (SR 582) and Rancho Drive (SR 599), the majority of surface streets in Las Vegas are laid out in a grid along Public Land Survey System section lines. Many are maintained by the Nevada Department of Transportation as state highways. The street numbering system is divided by the following streets:

  • Westcliff Drive, US 95 Expressway, Fremont Street and Charleston Boulevard divide the north–south block numbers from west to east.
  • Las Vegas Boulevard divides the east–west streets from the Las Vegas Strip to near the Stratosphere, then Main Street becomes the dividing line from the Stratosphere to the North Las Vegas border, after which the Goldfield Street alignment divides east and west.
  • On the east side of Las Vegas, block numbers between Charleston Boulevard and Washington Avenue are different along Nellis Boulevard, which is the eastern border of the city limits.

Interstates 15, 11, and US 95 lead out of the city in four directions. Two major freeways – Interstate 15 and Interstate 11/U.S. Route 95 – cross in downtown Las Vegas. I-15 connects Las Vegas to Los Angeles, and heads northeast to and beyond Salt Lake City. I-11 goes northwest to the Las Vegas Paiute Indian Reservation and southeast to Henderson and to the Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge, where from this point I-11 will eventually continue along US 93 towards Phoenix, Arizona. US 95 (and eventually I-11) connects the city to northwestern Nevada, including Carson City and Reno. US 93 splits from I-15 northeast of Las Vegas and goes north through the eastern part of the state, serving Ely and Wells. US 95 heads south from US 93 near Henderson through far eastern California. A partial beltway has been built, consisting of Interstate 215 on the south and Clark County 215 on the west and north. Other radial routes include Blue Diamond Road (SR 160) to Pahrump and Lake Mead Boulevard (SR 147) to Lake Mead.

East–west roads, north to south[156]

North–south roads, west to east

Harry Reid International Airport handles international and domestic flights into the Las Vegas Valley. The airport also serves private aircraft and freight/cargo flights. Most general aviation traffic uses the smaller North Las Vegas Airport and Henderson Executive Airport.

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^
  2. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  3. ^ a b From 15% sample
  4. ^ Two titles were won when the team was based in Oakland, California and one was won during the team's time in Los Angeles, California.

References

[edit]
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Further reading

[edit]
  • Brigham, Jay. "Review: 'Reno, Las Vegas, and the Strip: A Tale of Three Cities'." Western Historical Quarterly 46.4 (2015): 529–530. JSTOR westhistquar.46.4.0529.
  • Chung, Su Kim (2012). Las Vegas Then and Now, Holt: Thunder Bay Press, ISBN 978-1-60710-582-4
  • Moehring, Eugene P. Resort City in the Sunbelt: Las Vegas, 1930–2000 (2000).
  • Moehring, Eugene, "The Urban Impact: Towns and Cities in Nevada's History," Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 57 (Fall/Winter 2014): 177–200.
  • Rowley, Rex J. Everyday Las Vegas: Local Life in a Tourist Town (2013)
  • Stierli, Martino (2013). Las Vegas in the Rearview Mirror: The City in Theory, Photography, and Film, Los Angeles: Getty Publications, ISBN 978-1-60606-137-4
  • Venturi, Robert (1972). Learning from Las Vegas: The Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form, Cambridge: MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-26272-006-9
[edit]

 

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