February 12, 2026

Premier Lawn Care Provider in Philly: Professional Tips for Year-Round Grass Maintenance

Philadelphia grass have actually a character shaped by clay-heavy soils, damp summertimes, and wintertimes that turn from careless to extreme. If you have actually ever before watched an irregular yard liven up after a well-timed oygenation or seen cool-season lawn collapse under July warm, you know the city's peculiarities require both preparation and dexterity. The very best yard treatment solutions in Philadelphia collaborate with those truths, not versus them. They time renovations around dirt temperature levels, change trimming heights as summer works out in, and handle the messy happy medium where turf care meets city landscaping.

This overview blends sensible, season-by-season maintenance guidance with insight on picking the appropriate grass treatment business in Philadelphia. I'll likewise detail what divides top-tier carriers from the remainder, based on years of walking homes, fixing watering, and making note on what actually thrives here.

What makes Philadelphia yards unique

The area's leading grass kinds are cool-season grasses, generally high fescue with some Kentucky bluegrass and seasonal rye blended in. High fescue is the workhorse for city and rural residential properties, many thanks to its warmth tolerance, deep rooting, and improved drought resistance compared to bluegrass. Philadelphia's mid-Atlantic climate indicates rapid springtime growth, tension in peak summer, a strong autumn healing window, and a dormant or semi-dormant winter.

Soils usually lean clay loam, which compacts quickly and holds water. That can be a true blessing throughout droughts yet a frustration throughout rainy stretches, when origins asphyxiate. Numerous rowhome grass rest over building backfill with inadequate organic matter. Grass has a hard time there without aeration, compost topdressing, and cautious watering.

We likewise contend with thick tree covers in communities like Chestnut Hill and West Philly. Shield is the quiet yard awesome, and the very best landscaper in Philadelphia will certainly tell you the truth: yard needs a minimum of four hours of filtered light to look good long term. In deep color, groundcovers or mulch beds surpass turf, both aesthetically and financially.

How to pick a yard care company in Philadelphia

A good grass treatment firm in Philadelphia does greater than cut and blow. They develop a plan around your microclimate, dirt, and use. Here is what I search for when assessing companies:

Experience with cool-season turf and clay soils. Ask how they handle compaction, which aeration tools they utilize, and whether they advise slit seeding in fall.

Soil-first approach. Premier teams push dirt screening every two to three years, readjust pH with lime or sulfur as needed, and use slow-release nitrogen to reduce rise growth.

Transparent, seasonal programs. Philly yards benefit from 6 to eight solution touchpoints annually. Clear schedules help you prepare, especially for seeding and pre-emergent windows.

Practical irrigation guidance. A lot of city residential properties rely upon hose pipes and sprinklers. A knowledgeable team aids set practical watering routines without overselling watering systems where they're not needed.

Pest and weed control with judgment. Crabgrass, nutsedge, and wild violet are common below. Grubs turn up after wet springtimes. Try to find carriers who prefer targeted treatment, not blanket spraying.

There's likewise the human aspect. The best firms interact early about weather hold-ups, leave notes after each check out, and clarify compromises clearly. If your color degree or soil profile makes a picture-perfect lawn unrealistic, a credible crew will shift your strategy toward landscaping services Philadelphia citizens use to complement turf, like increased beds or native plant borders.

The seasonal rhythm that works in Philadelphia

An excellent yard in this city is the item of good timing. The calendar issues, but dirt and air temperature levels matter much more. Here is how I map the year.

Late winter into early springtime: wake-up and prevention

Once snow mold and mildew declines and the soil is firm sufficient to work, I begin with a quick cleaning. Cut high to remove off wintertime's rough ends. Rake out matted areas gently, not strongly, to stay clear of rooting out tender crowns.

This is the home window for pre-emergent herbicides to quit crab grass. Aim for when soil temperatures struck about 55 levels for several days. That typically lands anywhere from late March to mid April, depending on the year. If you intend to seed bare spots in springtime, avoid pre-emergent because area or utilize a product classified for brand-new seed.

On dirts that tested acidic, late winter months or early spring is a clever time for lime. Lots of Philadelphia yards rest in between pH 5.5 and 6.3. Cool-season lawns favor 6.2 to 7.0. Do not guess. Lime without an examination and you can secure nutrients for several years. A leading yard treatment firm in Philadelphia will set up soil screening ahead of time and spread the modification over several applications instead of discarding a hefty dose in one pass.

Mowing starts once again as growth resumes. Set the deck at 3 to 3.5 inches for fescue. This higher cut shades soil, lowers evaporation, and prevents weeds. Hone the blade. Boring blades tear yard, which elevates illness danger in our moist springs.

Late springtime right into very early summer: handle growth, get ready for stress

This is the season of rapid growth and unforeseen storms. High fescue responds well to a light feeding with slow-release nitrogen, typically 0.5 to 0.75 pounds of real nitrogen per 1,000 square feet. Press it harder and you construct lavish development that battles when heat arrives. I 'd rather leave area for a more powerful autumn feeding, when the plant can bank energy in roots.

Weed pressure climbs now. Dandelions are easy pickings with careful herbicides or a sharp weeder after rain. Ground ivy and wild violet are tougher. Sensible, targeted therapies work best. Covering spraying the whole lawn wastes item and can scorch tender springtime growth.

If grubs were a problem last year, speak with your service provider about preventative treatments based on surveillance, not habit. Not every lawn needs it, and helpful bugs endure when you spray preventively without cause.

Irrigation, if you have it, must supplement rain, not change it. Early summer can be feast or famine. Aim for an inch of water each week incorporated, adjusting for rainfall. Deep, irregular watering is the rule. Turf that obtains an everyday sprinkle trains origins towards the surface area and burns out quicker in July.

High summer: shield and conserve

Philadelphia summers are damp, and warm breaks will certainly test your yard. This is when you transform tactics. Increase mowing elevation to 3.5 to 4 inches. Skip a cut if the yard slows down under heat stress and anxiety. Scalping welcomes diseases like brownish patch, which enjoys cozy nights and damp foliage.

Fertilization should be minimal or none in July and August. Feeding during warmth urges top development at the exact moment origins are battling. If a lawn maintenance Philadelphia strategy recommends a hefty mid-summer feeding for cool-season grass, ask why. In almost every instance, it's better to wait.

Irrigate as the yard demands. The screwdriver test is easy and effective: push a screwdriver right into the soil. If it moves in conveniently to the manage, moisture is adequate. If it only passes through an inch, the dirt is completely dry. Water early in the early morning so leaves completely dry quickly. If you choose to allow the grass go dormant, water lightly every 2 to 3 weeks, around a fifty percent inch, simply to keep crowns alive.

Watch for diseases. Brownish patch reveals as uneven tan patches with a dark margin. Summer season spot can be a lot more perilous, frequently connected to compaction and stressed roots. Social controls come first: develop blades, avoid late-day watering, and avoid nitrogen. An experienced landscaper in Philadelphia can encourage when fungicides are necessitated for high-value turf, yet many home lawns recuperate with autumn aeration and overseeding.

Fall: Philadelphia's prime-time show for healing and renovation

From Labor Day to Halloween is the wonderful area. Soil is warm, air is cooler, and weeds are less hostile. If I might only choose one season to purchase, it would certainly be fall.

Core oygenation in September lowers compaction, enhances oxygen exchange, and opens networks for nutrients and water. On clay-heavy lawns, drawing cores a minimum of yearly makes a dramatic distinction over a couple of periods. I like hollow-tine aerators and a double pass if the soil is greatly compacted.

Overseeding right after aeration works well. Tall fescue mixes that consist of turf-type ranges develop a dense, fine-bladed appearance with far better illness resistance. Aim for 3 to 5 extra pounds of seed per 1,000 square feet for overseeding, greater for full improvement. Topdressing with a quarter inch of screened garden compost helps hold seed, increases microbial life, and smooths small undulations.

Fertilization belongs here. A well balanced loss program offers 0.75 to 1 pound of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet in early autumn and an additional light application six to eight weeks later on, readjusted based upon dirt tests. This strategy drives root growth and carbohydrate storage space, which pay off following spring.

Broadleaf weeds are surprisingly vulnerable in loss. Treatments for clover, plantain, and dandelion are a lot more effective currently because plants are pulling sources steadily right into their roots. If you like a lighter chemical footprint, spot therapy remains a clever compromise.

Leaf administration issues. Wet leaves suffocate lawn and welcome snow mold. Mulch mowing, which chops leaves right into fine little bits, operates in most situations and returns organic matter to the soil. When the volume exceeds what the mower can take care of, accumulate and compost or ask your landscaping services Philadelphia service provider to haul them. The objective is always the very same: protect against matting and keep light reaching the grass.

Winter: secure what you built

Once growth quits, make a last cleaning pass. The last cut commonly lands around 2.75 to 3 inches, slightly less than your summertime height. This helps reduce snow mold and mildew risk, though we do not get the persistent snow cover seen in north areas. Stay clear of heavy foot traffic on icy or saturated yards. If the ground thaws throughout a cozy spell, resist the temptation to rake or function the grass till the dirt companies again.

Winter is also a great time to assess bigger changes. Do you have areas that never grow as a result of color or drain? A smart landscaping Philadelphia redesign may replace those failings with shade-tolerant perennials, ornamental crushed rock, or broadened beds that lower upkeep and water usage. The most effective landscaper in Philadelphia will develop with runoff guidelines and regional plant combinations in mind, so your lawn looks natural in the neighborhood.

The solution food selection that actually helps

When people look for lawn care services Philadelphia, they usually see bundle packages that look compatible. Under the hood, though, there are purposeful distinctions. Right here is a functional way to think of service options.

Mowing and bordering. Valuable when development is quick. The top quality of job programs in details: alternating trimming patterns to stop ruts, cutting evenly without scalping, and blowing trimmings out of beds instead of burying plants.

Fertilization and weed control. Seek suppliers that make use of slow-release resources for most of the nitrogen, time feedings to springtime and fall, and support place sprays for weeds. Programs with 5 to 7 check outs each year are normal, yet the content of those check outs matters more than the count.

Aeration and overseeding. This is the single most impactful yearly service for compressed Philadelphia lawns. If a business attempts to avoid it, be hesitant. Slit seeding can match or change overseeding in serious thinning since it tucks seed right into shallow soil furrows where wetness lingers.

Soil screening and amendments. The difference in between guessing and testing shows up in your lawn within 2 seasons. pH modifications, potassium changes, and organic matter methods are tough to set without data.

Topdressing and garden compost incorporation. Especially on recently built homes, where topsoil is thin and subsoil is thick, a yearly quarter inch of compost after oygenation develops fertility and boosts structure. It is not showy, however it works.

Irrigation appointments or upgrades. If you have an automated system, ask for neck and neck insurance coverage audits and matched rainfall nozzles. If you rely upon tubes, have your carrier mark a simple watering strategy that fits your schedule.

Pest and condition monitoring. Rather than arranged chemical applications, the best firms inspect, record, and treat when thresholds are gotten to. Japanese beetle grubs, chinch pests, and fungal illness need different timing. Spraying on a calendar wastes cash and welcomes resistance.

Watering in the city: functional, not perfect

Many Philadelphia residential or commercial properties do not have in-ground watering. That is great. I have actually handled lots of attractive lawns with a number of oscillating lawn sprinklers and an affordable timer. The technique is discipline.

Set lawn sprinklers so they overlap slightly, supplying approximately one inch each week spread over two deep soakings. Utilize a tuna can or a rainfall gauge to measure. Move lawn sprinklers carefully to prevent completely dry touches. If a heat wave hits, increase duration, not frequency. Morning watering prevents fallen leave wetness overnight, which gas fungus.

Side yards and little courtyards can be persistent. Wind passages in between rowhomes make distribution unequal, and fencings block spray. In those spots, soaker tubes under a light mulch can outperform overhanging watering.

Mowing height, blades, and clippings: small selections, large payoffs

I harp on trimming due to the fact that it is the most frequent touch a grass obtains, and little blunders compound. Establish your mower high, hold that line in summer, and prevent eliminating greater than one third of the blade each time. If a wet week turns your yard into a jungle, utilize a double pass at greater deck settings as opposed to compeling a single drastic cut.

Sharpen blades a minimum of two times a period. If you see white torn suggestions on the yard a day after cutting, your blade is plain. Torn ideas shed water promptly, welcome disease, and make the yard look gray.

Leave trimmings unless they mat. They return nitrogen and raw material. On hefty development weeks, bagging is much better than smothering the turf. If a grass care company leaves windrows or clumps, inquire to decrease or take a 2nd pass.

The shade and tree origin problem

Philadelphia's fully grown communities contain maples, oaks, and sycamores. Trees and grass contend increasingly for water and nutrients. If you have subjected roots at the surface area, piling soil on top is dangerous. Roots require oxygen. Rather, create a mulched ring out to the drip line where functional, and approve a minimized turf footprint.

In dappled shade, fine fescues can earn a location in the seed mix, yet they do not love foot web traffic. Think about tipping rock paths or expanded beds via high-traffic color areas. An excellent lawn maintenance Philadelphia plan equilibriums appearances with truth, conserving you from reseeding the exact same area year after year.

Organic, low-input, and crossbreed programs

Plenty of house owners intend to decrease synthetic inputs. That is attainable, particularly if you buy soil wellness, trimming technique, and overseeding. Organic fertilizers build microbial life and release nutrients slowly. Compost topdressing, leaf mulching, and clover integration all contribute to a resistant lawn.

Be truthful about trade-offs. Weed stress will certainly be higher in year one and two, particularly versus seasonal weeds like violet. A number of my customers be successful with hybrid programs: natural fertility, cultural techniques like aeration and garden compost, and targeted herbicides only where essential. A yard treatment company in Philadelphia that recognizes this equilibrium can tailor a course that respects your preferences while maintaining the lawn presentable.

Pricing assumptions and value checks

Costs vary by residential or commercial property size, accessibility, and service range, but you can orient on your own with rough arrays across the city and close residential areas. Mowing on little rowhome lawns may run in the small regular price variety throughout peak period, while quarter to half-acre suv lots can cost several times that. Oygenation and overseeding typically comes under a mid-three-to-high-three-figure range depending upon dimension and seed option. Full improvement, which involves non-selective kill, numerous seed passes, and topdressing, can push more than a thousand for larger properties.

Value exposes itself in end results and communication. If a team shows up dependably, leaves clean edges, proactively flags concerns, and strikes the crucial loss home window promptly, they are gaining their keep. If they avoid oygenation, stay clear of soil examinations, or push mid-summer nitrogen for cool-season turf, press for descriptions or take into consideration other options.

When to call a landscaper rather than pressing grass fixes

Sometimes, the smartest move is to alter the canvas. If your front yard gets less than 3 hours of light, grass will certainly constantly have a hard time. If runoff splits networks via your side lawn after tornados, yard is not the fix. Landscaping Philadelphia tasks that include swales, permeable courses, and native plantings can address the underlying problems and lower upkeep long term.

A capable landscaping company in Philadelphia thinks like a designer and a garden enthusiast. They should review incline, dirt infiltration, and plant choice along with visual appeal. Collaborate with groups that appreciate your home's architectural design and the neighborhood's personality, not just the Pinterest vision.

A simple, seasonal checklist you can show your provider

  • Early springtime: dirt test if overdue, hone lawn mower blades, use pre-emergent when dirt hits mid 50s, light slow-release feeding, mow at 3 to 3.5 inches.
  • Late spring: spot-treat weeds, monitor for grubs if there is a background, verify irrigation insurance coverage, keep cutting elevation steady.
  • Summer: raise trimming to 3.5 to 4 inches, water deeply in mornings as needed, prevent heavy nitrogen, handle condition stress with social practices.
  • Early fall: core freshen, overseed with turf-type tall fescue blend, topdress with garden compost, apply a well balanced loss fertilizer.
  • Late loss: 2nd light fertilizer if appropriate, mulch or get rid of fallen leaves prior to they mat, last cut around 2.75 to 3 inches.

How premier providers make their reputation

I EAS Landscaping lawn maintenance philadelphia have actually viewed firms gain luxury credibilities the sluggish means, over years of constant area job. They do the unglamorous points well. They pause after an electrical storm to reschedule a trim instead of rut your soil. They switch from covering weed control to find spray the first time you ask, after that explain the practical timeline for enhancement. They urge loss oygenation even if it is the busiest week of their year, due to the fact that they recognize that is when it counts.

When you review lawn care services Philadelphia citizens advise, look past social proof to procedure. Ask exactly how they educate employees, what they do when a task fails, and how they deal with edge situations like new sod in a warm front. Excellent responses are specific. If the salesperson can not explain the seed mix they use, the nitrogen source in their fertilizer, or the target dirt pH, maintain interviewing.

A few side situations worth calling out

New building and construction grass frequently sit on compressed subsoil with a slim veneer of topsoil. Expect a two to three year turnaround if you commit to oygenation, garden compost topdressing, and cautious watering. Quick repairs seldom hold.

Pet damage concentrates in winter and early springtime. Flush those locations with water to thin down salts, then topdress with a light layer of garden compost and seed when soil warms. High fescue recovers far better than bluegrass under repeat traffic.

Sidewalk strips heat up and dry faster than the yard appropriate. Take into consideration drought-tolerant blends, a small drip line under mulch, or exchanging lawn for a challenging seasonal boundary. It is much better to have a strip that looks intentionally planted than a churned-up patchwork of weeds and dust.

Slope locations can take advantage of slit seeding integrated with disintegration control coverings for a season. As soon as established, deeper-rooted high fescue outshines rye in holding soil.

Bringing all of it together

A Philly grass grows when you sync with the city's seasons and dirts. Springtime sets the table, summer examinations your persistence, and drop benefits the work. The ideal lawn care company in Philadelphia intensifies your initiatives with accurate timing, straightforward guidance, and sharp execution. They know when to seed and when to wait, when to feed and when to hold back, when to fight weeds and when to reconsider the planting.

Whether you maintain the job internal or partner with a specialist team, the principles stay the same. Construct healthy dirt. Mow high with sharp blades. Water deeply yet not frequently. Aerate and seed in fall. Select plants that match the site instead of compeling the website to match the plant. With that technique, your yard ends up being greater than an eco-friendly surface. It develops into a resistant landscape that looks excellent in April, makes it through July, and rebounds with vitality in October. Which, in Philly's climate, is the mark of work well done.

EAS Landscaping Address: 1234 N 25th St, Philadelphia, PA 19121
Phone: +1 267-670-0173
Website: https://easlandscaping.com/

EAS Landscaping

EAS Landscaping

EAS Landscaping is a Philadelphia-based landscape design and construction company specializing in artistic, sustainable outdoor spaces, including landscaping, hardscaping, garden design, and custom landscape architecture for residential projects.

View us on Google Maps
1234 N 25th St
Philadelphia, PA
19121
US

Business Hours

  • Monday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Tuesday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Wednesday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Thursday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Friday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Saturday: 9:00 AM – 1:00 PM
  • Sunday: Closed

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EAS Landscaping is a landscaping company

EAS Landscaping is based in Philadelphia Pennsylvania United States

EAS Landscaping address is 1234 N 25th St Philadelphia PA 19121 United States

EAS Landscaping phone number is +1 267 670 0173

EAS Landscaping website is https://easlandscaping.com/

EAS Landscaping operates on Tuesday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Wednesday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Thursday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Friday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Saturday from 9 AM to 1 PM

EAS Landscaping is closed on Sunday

EAS Landscaping operates on Monday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping is connected with Brooks Brothers Construction

Brooks Brothers Construction provides hardscaping services for EAS Landscaping

Horace Captain leads hardscaping projects for Brooks Brothers Construction

Horace Captain has over 30 years of hardscaping experience

EAS Landscaping provides landscaping services

EAS Landscaping provides hardscaping services

EAS Landscaping provides landscape design services

EAS Landscaping provides landscape construction services

EAS Landscaping provides native plant installation and guidance

EAS Landscaping provides garden design services

EAS Landscaping provides residential landscape architecture services

EAS Landscaping provides fencing services

EAS Landscaping does not provide lawncare services

EAS Landscaping installs sod only as part of a larger design project

EAS Landscaping specializes in artscape landscape projects

EAS Landscaping collaborates with clients to create sustainable landscape designs

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in horticulture

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in landscape construction

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in project management

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in material logistics

EAS Landscaping won Philadelphia Sustainable Landscape Award

EAS Landscaping was awarded Best Urban Garden Design Philadelphia

EAS Landscaping received Recognition for Artistic Landscape Excellence

EAS Landscaping Google Maps link is https://maps.app.goo.gl/S64Ns9YXGW3pb42m8

EAS Landscaping has a YouTube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPgmI0GioirEfnZG7hl4t7Q

EAS Landscaping has an Instagram profile https://www.instagram.com/easlandscaping/

EAS Landscaping uses social media for brand promotion

EAS Landscaping uses social media to showcase landscaping projects


Frequently Asked Questions About Lawn Care in Philadelphia


How much does lawn service cost in Philadelphia?

Lawn service in Philadelphia typically costs between $40 and $80 per visit for standard mowing. Pricing varies based on lot size, grass height, terrain, and service frequency. Additional services such as edging, trimming, or seasonal cleanup increase the total cost.

How much does lawn care cost in PA?

In Pennsylvania, routine lawn care generally ranges from $35 to $90 per visit. Monthly costs average $120 to $250 depending on services included. Fertilization, weed control, and aeration are usually priced separately.

What services are offered by Lawnstarter lawn care service in Philadelphia?

The platform typically offers lawn mowing, edging, trimming, and debris cleanup. Optional services commonly include fertilization, weed control, aeration, overseeding, and leaf removal. Availability can vary based on provider coverage and season.

What is the best grass to grow in Philadelphia?

Cool-season grasses perform best due to Philadelphia’s climate. Tall fescue is widely used for its heat tolerance and durability. Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass are also common, often blended for resilience.

What is the average pay for a lawn care worker in PA?

The average lawn care worker in Pennsylvania earns approximately $15 to $20 per hour. Entry-level roles are typically lower, while experienced operators earn more. Pay varies by season, employer, and skill level.

What is the best lawn care for beginners?

Basic lawn care for beginners includes regular mowing, proper watering, and seasonal fertilization. Maintaining correct mowing height and sharp blades prevents stress and disease. Weed control and soil testing can be added gradually.

Do you need a license for lawn care in PA?

General lawn mowing and maintenance do not require a state license in Pennsylvania. However, applying pesticides or herbicides commercially requires certification from the state. Local business registration may also be required.

What is the best time of year for lawn care?

Spring and fall are the most important seasons for lawn care. Fall is ideal for aeration, overseeding, and fertilization. Spring focuses on cleanup, early fertilization, and weed prevention.

What is the most expensive part of landscaping?

Hardscaping is typically the most expensive part of landscaping. This includes patios, retaining walls, drainage systems, and stonework. Costs are driven by materials, excavation, and labor intensity.

Is $20 an hour good in PA?

An hourly rate of $20 is above the statewide median for many labor roles. It is generally considered competitive for skilled or physically demanding work. Cost of living differences can affect how far this wage goes.

How many lawns can a 2 man crew mow in a day?

A two-person crew can typically mow 12 to 20 average-size lawns per day. Productivity depends on lawn size, travel distance, equipment efficiency, and service scope. Smaller, clustered properties increase output.

What is the difference between a landscaper and a groundskeeper?

A landscaper focuses on design, installation, and improvement of outdoor spaces. A groundskeeper maintains existing landscapes through mowing, pruning, and general upkeep. The roles differ mainly in scope and long-term responsibility.


Looking for lawn care in Philadelphia near Elfreth's Alley ? Professional lawn care services help maintain healthy grass, control weeds, and keep outdoor spaces consistently maintained throughout the season.

I am a enthusiastic professional with a rich background in consulting. My drive for game-changing solutions drives my desire to scale thriving ventures. In my professional career, I have established a identity as being a pragmatic leader. Aside from scaling my own businesses, I also enjoy coaching entrepreneurial risk-takers. I believe in motivating the next generation of problem-solvers to actualize their own desires. I am often venturing into groundbreaking possibilities and uniting with like-hearted risk-takers. Upending expectations is my inspiration. In addition to dedicated to my startup, I enjoy visiting dynamic destinations. I am also focused on outdoor activities.